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Tylosis associated with carcinoma of the oesophagus and oral leukoplakia in a large Liverpool family—A review of six generations

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      Smokers have a 9-fold risk of developing SCC over nonsmokers (hazard ratio 9.3, 95% CI, 4.0-21.3).16 Other risk factors for SCC include tylosis,17 a history of aerodigestive cancers,18 a history of caustic ingestion,19 and achalasia.20 In developing nations, risk factors other than alcohol and tobacco include diets high in n-nitrosamines,21 pickled vegetables,22 and frequent ingestion of hot beverages.23,24

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