Macronutrient intake of black and white adolescent girls over 10 years: The NHLBI growth and health study

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

Volume 103, Issue 7, July 2003, Pages 852-860

Abstract

Objective To compare age-related changes in macronutrient and cholesterol intake between black and white girls, compare intakes with National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommendations, and examine sociodemographic associations with macronutrient intake. Design Cohort study with 3-day food records collected over 10 years. Subjects 2,379 girls, 1,166 white and 1,213 black, age 9 to 10 years at baseline, recruited from three geographic locations. Statistical Analysis Longitudinal generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression models examined the relationships of age, ethnicity, and sociodemographic factors with macronutrient and cholesterol intake and with percentage of girls meeting NCEP recommendations. Results Total and saturated fat intakes decreased with age, more in white girls than black girls, from 35.1% and 13.6% kcal at age 9 to 29.3% and 10.4% at age 19 for white girls and from 36.5% and 13.4% kcal at age 9 to 35.1% and 11.7% kcal at age 19 for black girls. Dietary cholesterol decreased with age, but decreased more in white girls than black girls (range 95 to 119 mg/1,000 kcal for white girls and 119 to 132 mg/1,000 kcal for black girls). Depending on age, 7% to 51% of white girls and 8% to 26% of black girls met NCEP recommendations for total fat (≤30% kcal) and saturated fat (<10% kcal). About 85% of white and 75% of black girls met NCEP recommendation for dietary cholesterol (<300 mg/day). Lower parental education was associated with increased fat and cholesterol and decreased carbohydrate intake. Applications Nutrition counseling and health promotion endeavors should make efforts to promote nutritional heart-healthy messages to adolescents, particularly black girls. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:852-860.

Section snippets

Subjects

Three clinical centers (University of California, Berkeley; University of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and Westat, Inc, Rockville, MD, in association with a Washington, DC, metropolitan area health maintenance organization), Maryland Medical Research Institute, Baltimore, MD (coordinating center), and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (sponsor) participated in the study (¹³). Girls were recruited from public and parochial schools (Berkeley and

Energy intake

Overall, reported energy intake (Figure 1) increased significantly with age for both ethnic groups (P < .001 for both).

. Means and 95% confidence intervals for intakes of energy (kcal), protein (% kcal), carbohydrate (% kcal), and total fat (% kcal) by age and ethnic group for NGHS longitudinal data. Energy: P = .006 for black/white difference in change with age; P < .001 for change with age in white girls; and P < .001 for change with age in black girls. Protein: P = .056 for black/white

Discussion

The primary goal of this article was to provide descriptive, longitudinal information on macronutrient intake by examining the age-related changes in these intakes throughout adolescence and comparing them with NCEP recommendations. We also examined the association between sociodemographic factors and macronutrient intake trends. In both black and white girls, energy intake generally increased with increasing age, particularly during early adolescence, a result that can be expected given the

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by contracts HC55023-26 and Cooperative Agreements U01-HL48941-44 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

We acknowledge with gratitude the long-term commitment of all NGHS participants and their families who contributed to this study, and of the NGHS study personnel for their dedication to the project. Participating NGHS Centers included: Clinical CentersChildren's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH

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^☆: Address correspondence to: Shari S. Kronsberg, MS, Maryland Medical Research Institute, 600 Wyndhurst Ave., Baltimore, MD 21210. E-mail: [email protected].

^☆☆: 0002-8223/03/10307-0005$35.00/0

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ResearchMacronutrient intake of black and white adolescent girls over 10 years: The NHLBI growth and health study☆,☆☆

Abstract

Section snippets

Subjects

Energy intake

Discussion

Acknowledgements

J Adolesc Health

J Am Diet Assoc

Ann Epidemiol

J Am Diet Assoc

Am J Clin Nutr

Prev Med

Am J Clin Nutr

Am J Clin Nutr

J Am Diet Assoc

Am J Med Sci

J Adolesc Health

Prev Med

Am J Clin Nutr

J Am Diet Assoc

Adolescent nutrition: Current trends and critical issues

Top Clin Nutr

Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults

N Engl J Med

AHA Scientific Statement. Cardiovascular Health in Childhood. A Statement for Health Professionals from the Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young (AHOY) of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association

Circulation

Health and nutrition issues during childhood years

Top Clin Nutr

Statement on cholesterol

Pediatrics

National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP): Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents

Pediatrics

Research
Macronutrient intake of black and white adolescent girls over 10 years: The NHLBI growth and health study☆,☆☆