Chapter 3 Swine Influenza Viruses: A North American Perspective
Section snippets
Introduction to Influenza A Viruses
Influenza is a zoonotic viral disease that represents a health and economic threat to both humans and animals worldwide. Influenza A viruses infect a wide variety of species and exhibit only a partial restriction of their host range, that is, there is occasional transmission from one species to another. Annual epidemics/epizootics in humans and animals and occasional influenza pandemics in humans depend on the continued molecular evolution of influenza viruses giving rise to new antigenic
Evolution of North American SI Viruses of the H1 and H3 Subtype
Historically, SI in the United States had a predictable pattern with an epizootic in the late fall and early winter months similar to that in humans. Prior to 1998, this acute respiratory disease was almost exclusively caused by viruses of the classical‐swine H1N1 lineage (cH1N1; Easterday and van Reeth, 1999). The cH1N1 virus, first isolated and identified in North America in 1930 (Shope, 1931), is believed to have been introduced into the U.S. pig population during the 1918 Spanish influenza
Cross‐Species Transmission of Influenza A Viruses and Novel Subtypes in North American Swine
Influenza A viruses of all 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes have been recovered from wild waterfowl and seabirds (Fouchier et al., 2005, Webster et al., 1992). From these studies it was concluded that waterfowl provide a vast global reservoir of influenza viruses in nature from which novel viruses can emerge and infect mammalian species (Webby and Webster, 2001). Prominent examples of cross‐species transmission of influenza viruses from avian to mammalian species or vice versa are the recent infections
Vaccination of Pigs Against SI
Vaccinating pigs against influenza A virus has become a common practice in the U.S. swine industry over the last 10 years. Inactivated influenza vaccines became commercially available in 1994. In 1995, influenza vaccine usage was not reported in the National Animal Health Monitoring System survey of the U.S. swine operations (USDA, 1995). However, by 2000, over 40% of large producers reported that they vaccinated breeding females and approximately 20% vaccinated weaned pigs (USDA, 2003). In the
Conclusions and Outlook
The impact of influenza A in humans and animals, whether measured by morbidity, mortality, or economic losses, is significant. It is, therefore, essential to understand the mechanisms that allow these viruses to jump species barriers and establish themselves in new animal populations. The emergence of new subtypes of SIVs (hu‐H1, H3N2, H4N6, and H2N3) in North American pigs has implications not only for pigs but also for the people who care for them. These newly emerging viruses are capable of
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the team of technical and animal care staff that has significantly contributed to the many studies described in this review. We thank Mike Marti for illustrations and Drs A. Garcia‐Sastre, M. R. Gramer, and R.J. Webby for their continued support. Projects described in this review were funded by the USDA‐Agricultural Research Service and in part with Federal funds from the National Institute Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
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