Vitamin E as the Biological Lipid Antioxidant

doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60732-3

Vitamins & Hormones

Volume 20, 1962, Pages 493-510

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60732-3 Get rights and content

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The biological function of vitamin E as a lipid antioxidant has been a topic of research for over twenty years since the discovery of its antioxidant activity by Olcott and Mattill and their subsequent review of these properties. This biological essential of a lipid antioxidant is mainly filled by vitamin E. Therefore, the chemical basis of vitamin E function is its reactions with free radical intermediates of lipid peroxidation and with the peroxides. The tocopherols have many interesting and complex oxidations; there are unfortunately too few studies of these reactions and their involvement in vivo. This chapter discusses mechanism of free radical damage and cellular damage caused by lipid peroxidation. The chapter also outlines the interrelationships of sulphur amino acids, vitamin E, and free radical peroxidation. Finally, the chapter considers the biological and antioxidant activity of selenium.

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Citation Excerpt :
This biological essential of a lipid antioxidant is mainly filled by vitamin E.” [30]. However, Tappel took the idea that “the loss of some fatty acids, vitamin A, carotene, etc. would appear to be of minor significance compared to lipid peroxidation damage to structural and functional components of the cell.” [30]. Despite this acknowledgment of the change of structural integrity of the membrane, there was the view, and an abundance of evidence, that the antioxidant property of tocopherol was to reduce sulphur and selenium containing proteins and enzymes [30].
Vitamin E was one of the last fat-soluble vitamins to be discovered. We provide here an historical review of the discovery and the increasingly more detailed understanding of the role of α-tocopherol both as an antioxidant and as a structural component of phospholipid bilayer membranes. Despite the detailed descriptions now available of the orientation, location, and dynamics of α-tocopherol in lipid bilayers, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the effect of α-tocopherol and its potential receptors than control gene transcription.
Supplementation of vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids during the early posthatch period on intestinal morphology and gene expression differentiation in broilers
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Citation Excerpt :
With good nutrient absorption and transportation, nutrients can be used better in muscle growth (Hocquette et al., 1998), contributing to improved meat production and meat quality as well as the potential to reduce development of myopathies such as wooden breast. Nutritional interventions including vitamin E (VE) (Tappel, 1962; Burton and Traber, 1990) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (Korver and Klasing, 1997; Calder, 2006; Yu et al., 2018) have the potential to lessen oxidative stress and inflammation improving gut health. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce intestinal inflammation in humans (Calder, 2006; Yu et al., 2018) and decrease inflammatory responses and improve immune function in broilers (Korver and Klasing, 1997; Wang et al., 2000; Saleh et al., 2009; Al-Khalifa et al., 2012; El-Katcha et al., 2014).
Early posthatch nutrition is important for gut health. Vitamin E (VE) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids can improve gut health through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of VE, n-3 fatty acids, and combination of both during the starter phase (0–10 d) or grower phase (11–24 d) on intestinal morphology and expression of genes associated with gut health. A total of 210 Ross 708 broilers were randomly assigned into 7 treatments with 10 replicates of 3 birds each. The control group was fed a corn–soybean meal–basal diet during the entire study (0–58 d). Supplementation of VE (200 IU/kg), n-3 fatty acids (n-6/n-3 ratio of 3.2:1), and combination of both were fed during the starter phase (0–10 d) or grower phase (11–24 d). All of the broilers were harvested at 58 d of age. Villus height, crypt depth, villus width, distance between villi, and number of intraepithelial lymphocytes were obtained. Expression of 21 genes was measured using NanoString analysis. Expression of solute carrier family 15 member 1 (P = 0.01) associated with peptide transport and mucin 2 (P = 0.03) related with intestinal mucus barrier was increased in the broilers supplemented with n-3 fatty acids in the grower diet compared with the control. Expression of solute carrier family 7 member 1 associated with amino acid transport was decreased in the group supplemented with n-3 fatty acids during the starter phase compared with the group supplemented with n-3 fatty acids (P = 0.01) or VE and n-3 fatty acids during the grower phase (P = 0.03). These data suggest that VE and n-3 fatty acids supplemented during the grower phase have a positive effect on improving nutrient transport with n-3 fatty acids supplementation in the grower diet showing the most beneficial effect. These findings can be used in the development of nutritional management strategies to improve broiler growth performance and meat quality.
Bi-layered α-tocopherol acetate loaded membranes for potential wound healing and skin regeneration
2019, Materials Science and Engineering C
With an increase in the demand for skin regeneration products, there is a noticeable increase in developing materials that encourage, wound healing and skin regeneration. It has been reported that antioxidants play an important role in anti-inflammatory reactions, cellular proliferation and remodeling phase of wound healing. While consideration all these factors, a novel α-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E) (VE) loaded bi-layered electrospun membrane, based on lower polycaprolactone (PCL) layer and upper polylactic acid (PLA) layer, was fabricated through electrospinning. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in-vitro degradation studies, swelling studies and VE release studies were performed to evaluate structural, physical and in-vitro behavior of membranes. Biological properties of membranes were evaluated through cell proliferation assay, cell adhesion studies, live/dead cell assay and CAM assay. SEM images showed that the average diameter of nanofibers ranged from 1 to 6 μm, while addition of VE changed the diameter and morphology of fibers. Bi-layered membranes showed significant swelling behavior through water uptake, membranes loaded with 30% VE showed 8.7% and 6.8% degradation in lysozyme and H₂O₂ respectively. 20% and 30% VE loaded membranes followed Korsmeyer-Peppas and first order drug release kinetics followed by non-fickian drug release kinetics. Membranes showed non-toxic behavior and supported cell proliferation via alamar blue assay, cell adhesion via SEM, cell viability via live/dead assay and wound healing by scratch assay. CAM assay showed that membranes having VE supported angiogenesis and showed significant formation of blood vessels making it suitable for skin regeneration and wound healing. Results showed that large surface area of nanofibers, porous structure and biocompatible nature are suitable for targeted clinical applications.
Vitamin E and reproductive health
2019, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins
Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 following an experimental finding of a particular “antisterility substance X” that was reported necessary for reproduction. Following that, vitamin E has been extensively studied and has become a well-known lipid-soluble antioxidant. Vitamin E comprises tocopherol (TOC) and tocotrienol (TCT), and is present in eight different subtypes, namely alpha (α)-TOC, beta (β)-TOC, gamma (γ)-TOC, delta (δ)-TOC, alpha (α)-TCT, beta (β)-TCT, gamma (γ)-TCT, and delta (δ)-TCT. Most of the early reports referred to alpha-TOC as vitamin E until the presence of TCT was discovered in the 1990s. To date the benefits of vitamin E (of both TOC and TCT) on human health have been extensively reported. However, its benefits on reproductive health in both males and females remain considerably lacking in data. Therefore this chapter intends to summarize all of the reported benefits of vitamin E on reproductive health and provide a reference for future studies.
Pea and Soy Protein Stabilized Emulsions: Formulation, Structure, and Stability Studies
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Vitamin E as the Biological Lipid Antioxidant

Publisher Summary

Am. J. Clin. Nutrition

J. Nutrition

Arch. Biochem. Biophys

Arch. Biochem. Biophys

Arch. Biochem. Biophys

Biochem. Pharmacol.

Arch. Biochem. Biophys

Arch. Biochem. Biophys

Acta Physiol. Scand.

Federation Proc

Pharmacol. Revs

Brit. J. Nutrition

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

In Symposium on Inform. Theory in Biol. Gatlinburg, Tenn. 1956

Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand.

J. Nutrition

Atti congr. intern. Vitamin E 3rd, Venice 1955

Biochim. et Biophys. Acta

Federation Proc.

“Annotated Bibliography of Vitamin E.”

“The Role of Vitamin E in Animal Nutrition.”

J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc.