ReviewT-cell immune responses in the brain and their relevance for cerebral malignancies
Section snippets
Immune recognition of antigens
The role of the immune system is to maintain the functional integrity of the host in the face of biological threats arriving from the exterior (pathogenic microbes), or from within (neoplastic changes). It is clear that the necessity for such a defense system is organism-wide, at least for non-expendable, non-self renewing tissues and organs such as the brain. The only caveat that may be raised is if there is an efficient non-immunological defense mechanism. For the CNS, the physical protection
Effector stages of T-cell immune responses
Whilst the mechanisms responsible for the induction of spontaneous T-cell immune responses in the CNS are hypothetical, there are more direct data concerning the effector phase of the response. T cells infiltrating the brain parenchyma can be directly visualized in both clinical and experimental situations and in some cases, sufficient cells can be isolated for ex vivo functional tests.
T-cell immune responses to brain tumors in clinical and experimental situations
The principles of the induction of immune responses have been considered as well as how the effector phase of CNS responses may occur. The final outcome depends on the immune response that was induced and the efficiency of the effector phase of the response. In the case of tumors located in the CNS that will be considered in this section, simply observing whether a tumor is eliminated by an antitumor immune response is not always very enlightening. In order to understand whether and how immune
Concluding remarks
There is now compelling evidence that CD8+ T-cell immune responses occur in the CNS and that at least in experimental models, CD8+ T cells can mediate protective roles such as the elimination of tumor cells. However, spontaneous antitumor immune responses in humans are inefficient, yet the need for new therapeutic approaches in brain tumors such as malignant astrocytoma is particularly urgent. We thus need to understand how antitumor responses can be safely amplified, taking into account the
Acknowledgements
The work in our laboratory is partly supported by grants from OncoSuisse, the Association for International Cancer Research, the Fondation Lionel Perrier and the Ligue Genevoise Contre le Cancer.
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