Using burden of disease information for health planning in developing countries: the experience from Uganda
Introduction
There is growing interest in the use of evidence in planning and priority setting world-wide (Niessen, Grijseels, & Rutten, 2000). However, priority setting in developing countries is difficult and full of uncertainties, due to lack of dependable evidence, analytical methods for identifying priority options, and coherent processes for decision making (Bryant, 2000).
The burden of disease (BOD) approach, whose results were first published in 1993, has been proposed for use in health planning and priority setting (Murray & Lopez, 1996a; World Bank, 1993). Disability adjusted life years (DALYs), a measure of BOD, incorporates estimates of morbidity and mortality by cause, incidence, average age of onset, duration, degree of disability, and time lost due to premature mortality. Social preferences about the value of future health and the value of a healthy year of life lived at different ages are also incorporated (Murray & Lopez, 1997).
Leading causes of DALYs lost can be used to identify priorities for research. Since it can also be used in cost-effectiveness analysis, DALYs are of practical use to policy makers in identifying priority interventions (Jamison, Saxenian, & Bergevin, 1995; Murray, 1996; Murray & Lopez, 1996b).
According to Jamison (1993) and Lozano (1997), additional uses of BOD results include providing criteria for time allocation in training, pointing out the information gaps in health information systems, identifying otherwise neglected health problems, and enhancing informed debates on the social values that influence resource allocation in health. The BOD methodology is also thought to force maximum use of available information, favour systematization of information for some disease conditions, and to allow for participation of numerous groups of researchers and decision makers (Jamison, 1993; Murray & Lopez, 1997).
Uganda participated in the East Africa region BOD study and cost-effectiveness analysis carried out in 1994. This was done to transfer to the country teams familiarity with all the requirements, assumptions, and the process used in this approach. It was envisaged that as a consequence, with some additional support, countries would be assisted to develop an ability to reproduce this analysis on their own and to use it in planning (Hutchinson, 1996; Kamugisha, Katumba, Makumbi, Mugarura, & Albright, 1994). Participants were mainly ministry of health officials.
Due to lack of good morbidity data, discounted life years lost (YLL)—without age or disability weighting—were used in the cost-effectiveness analysis, instead of DALYs. Three types of intervention were considered for each cause of YLLs lost: preventive, community, and curative. The most cost-effective types of intervention for the identified leading causes of YLLs were selected to comprise the national essential health care package (Hutchinson, 1996) (Box 1).
According to the 1999 health policy,
…The minimum package will comprise interventions that address the major causes of the BOD and shall be the cardinal reference in determining the allocation of public funds and other essential inputs. Government will allocate the greater proportion of its budget to the package in such a manner that health spending gradually matches the magnitude of priorities within the BOD… (MOH, 1999a).
Uganda also carried out a pilot BOD study in 13 districts in 1996 in order to capture epidemiological differences between districts and to train district planners in the methodology. District results were similar to the national BOD results, but with slight differences in the ranking (MOH, 1996). However, each participating district used its own local information to estimate the cost values for the cost-effectiveness analysis.
The BOD and cost-effectiveness approach seem to fulfil the requirements for effective priority setting; namely, provision of information about costs and outcomes, and clarity of objectives (Klein & Williams, 2000). While there has been an increasing acceptance of the approach internationally (Niessen et al., 2000), there have also been reservations. These have been in the areas of: the quality of the data used, especially in the case of developing countries (Coleman, 1998; Cooper, Osotimehin, Kaufman, & Forrester, 1998); the values incorporated in age—and disability—weighting (Arnesen & Nord, 1999; Paalman, Bekedam, Hawken, & Nyheim, 1998); and the lack of contextualization of health problems (Sayers & Fliedner, 1997; Ustun et al., 1999).
Given the theoretical and ethical concerns that have already been expressed about DALYs (Anand & Hanson, 1995; Barker & Green, 1996; Williams, 1996), and given the relative novelty of the approach, there is a need to assess its use for further development of the methodology (Murray, 1996). The purpose of the current study was to explore health planners’ perception of the usefulness of the BOD measure in priority setting and planning at national and district levels in Uganda, and to draw conclusions for wider application.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
A qualitative exploratory approach was employed. This involved in-depth key informant interviews and document review. Informants included policy makers and health planners at national, district, sub-county, and village levels. All had either participated in the BOD studies or were involved in health planning at their level (see Table 1, Table 2).
Respondents at national level identified the study district, Mukono. The district was among the first to be decentralized, and also participated in the
Results
We found that the BOD information has been used, to some extent, in health planning at district and national levels.
Discussion
A qualitative approach was employed in this investigation because it is appropriate for exploratory studies and captures a social world of “lived experience” that facilitates deeper understanding of phenomena (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994; Kvåle, 1996). Reliability in the present study was catered for by triangulation of sources of data. Triangulation in addition, adds rigor, breadth and depth to an investigation (Flick, 1992, Kapiriri & Norheim, 2002; Robson, 1997). Personal experience, given the
Conclusions and recommendations
Authorities in Uganda have attempted to use BOD data (excluding morbidity, i.e. YLLs) to form the basis for national health policy and the essential health care package. It has also been used to guide, according to the national policy, resource reallocation within the health sector. Additional areas of application include strategic planning, identification of health priorities and cost-effective interventions, and the revitalization of policy makers’ interest in evidence-based policymaking.
Acknowledgements
We thank our respondents from Mukono District and the Ministry of Health, Uganda. We also thank Dr. Elizabeth Ekochu for assisting in the data collection, and the following people for their earlier comments on this manuscript: Professor Gunnar Kvåle, Merete Underland, Trude Margrete Arnesen and the anonymous reviewers.
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