Passive avoidance training results in increased responsiveness of voltage- and ligand-gated calcium channels in chick brain synaptoneurosomes
Section snippets
Animals and training procedures
Chicks (Ross I Chunky) of both sexes were hatched in a communal incubator and maintained on a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle at 38–40°C until one day (24–36 h) old. All animal experimental work was carried out under Home Office Licence in accordance with the U.K. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act, 1986, and approval of the local Animal Ethical Committee, and all efforts were made to minimise the number of chicks used. Birds were placed in pairs into 20×25×20 cm aluminium pens, illuminated with a red
Characterization of membrane preparations
Electron microscopic examination of membrane pellets was made for the presence and identification of sealed membrane vesicles. Preparations contained synaptoneurosomes, synaptosomes and membrane fragments. Figure 1 shows a photomicrograph of a synaptoneurosome demonstrating the sealed presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, containing presynaptic vesicles and postsynaptic density, respectively.
Measurement of basal intracellular calcium concentration
Measurements of basal [Ca2+]i were made for each sample prior to stimulation, expressed as mean±S.E.M.
Discussion
In the experiments reported here, we have investigated the training-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in synaptoneurosomes when either VSCCs are stimulated with 70 mM KCl or the glutamate receptor-operated calcium channels with the agonists NMDA and AMPA (0.5 mM). The resting, or basal, [Ca2+]i of synaptoneurosome preparations from left and right IMHV from all groups was higher than that reported for cultured neurons (50–100 nM)35 and chick synaptosomes (150 nM),7 but similar to, or lower than, that
Conclusions
The results presented here can be placed in the context of other events observed following passive avoidance training in the chick. Shortly after training there is probably engagement of both pre- and postsynaptic voltage-sensitive calcium channels,14., 28. also confirmed by our observation of the enhanced effect of KCl on increasing [Ca2+]i in synaptosomes from the left IMHV of M-trained birds immediately after training. Whether this enhanced increase is as a result of an increased
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Steve Walters and Dawn Sadler for care of the chicks, Heather Davies for electron microscopy and other members of the Brain and Behaviour Research Group for discussion. EJS was funded through the Royal Society postdoctoral research fellowship programme and the Open University Research Development Fund, and DC is an Open University-funded postgraduate research student.
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