Review article
Q fever—a review and issues for the next century

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      Animal management practices and contact with local infected animal reservoirs are important risk factors identified for C. burnetii exposure in animals [55]. Shedding of C. burnetii by sheep, rodents, cats, cattle, and goats has been reported in Canada [56,57]. Ticks have been implicated in the transmission of the agent in the herd and considered as a risk factor [58].

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      second, and 5.1E + 03/5 μl DNA in tracheal lymph nodes for the third. C. burnetii infects a wide large of domestic and wild mammals, birds, reptiles, arthropods and fish [21–24]. However, livestock (sheep, goats and cattle) and pets are considered the main sources of human infections [25,26].

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