Therapeutic vaccination against chronic viral infection: the importance of cooperation between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
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2017, Cancer LettersCitation Excerpt :A recent study suggested that IFN-γ, synergistically with TNF-α, directly induced senescence-defining permanent growth arrest in tumors (Fig. 1E) [38]. Continuous loss of CD8+T cells was observed in the absence of CD4+ T cells, resulting in failure to resist following viral challenge, which suggests CD8+T cells can hardly take effect without the help of CD4+ T cells [39,40]. But it is still uncertain whether CD4+ T cells can exert an antitumor effect independently.
Immunological challenges for peptide-based immunotherapy in glioblastoma
2014, Cancer Treatment ReviewsCitation Excerpt :In addition to an HLA class I initiated cytotoxic T cell responses, recent investigations have emphasized the role of CD4+ Thelper cells in priming anti-tumor responses after vaccination [101]. In parallel to other complex immune response, i.e. viral infections [102], CD8+ and CD4+ Thelper cell interaction is mandatory for efficient anti-tumor immunity, e.g. by escaping activation-induced CTL cell death or supporting the formation of long-term memory [103,104]. Although the role of CD4+ Thelper cells is being discussed controversially [105], we assume that a vaccinating agent should include tumor-associated peptides, which can bind to HLA class II molecules and promote a tumor-specific involvement of CD4+ Thelper cells.