Guest editorial
Chlamydial infections of domestic ruminants and swine: new nomenclature and new knowledge

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      C. abortus in cattle has been reported sporadically throughout the world and is implicated in respiratory, ocular and reproductive diseases [2,3]. It is predominantly associated with genital tract and mammary diseases [4], with a number of reproductive disorders such as abortion [5], infertility [6,7], chronic mastitis [8], vaginal discharge [9,10], endometritis [11], and salpingitis [12]. Polyarthritis [13,14], acute respiratory disease and conjunctiva [15,16], and growth retardation [17–19] can furthermore be observed.

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      However, in the absence of an accepted gold standard for the diagnosis of C. pecorum infection in sheep, it is difficult to determine the sensitivity of the qPCR method. Culture for C. pecorum is technically demanding, not conducted routinely in veterinary diagnostic laboratories and less sensitive than PCR, and many C. pecorum strains are difficult to grow (Degraves et al., 2003; Longbottom, 2004; Timms, 2009). Because of this, it was not possible to determine the negative predictive value of the qPCR method we used.

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    • Chlamydia pecorum infections in sheep and cattle: A common and under-recognised infectious disease with significant impact on animal health

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      The presence of positive test findings for Chlamydia in dairy herds has also been associated with reduced milk yield (Kemmerling et al., 2009), subclinical low-grade vaginitis (DeGraves et al., 2003), increased somatic cell counts (Biesenkamp-Uhe et al., 2007), and reduced fertility (Wehrend et al., 2005). C. pecorum commonly inhabits the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts (DeGraves et al., 2003; Jee et al., 2004; Longbottom, 2004), with faecal shedding and infection typically occurring at around three months of age in sheep (Clarkson and Philips, 1997) and genital infection reported as early as 2 weeks of age in calves and in unmated heifers (DeGraves et al., 2003; Jee et al., 2004). Transmission of C. pecorum is believed to be via the faecal–oral route, or via ingestion or inhalation of infective Chlamydia in secretions from infected animals (Parkinson et al., 2010).

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