Prevalence and Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes 4, 5, and 6
Section snippets
Classification and Diagnosis of Novel Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes
Although HCV genotypes 4 and 5 can be diagnosed reliably by most commercially available assays for HCV genotyping (Table 1), the diagnosis of certain subtypes of genotype 6 (the so-called novel genotypes 7–9) can be a challenge using similar diagnostic assays. Genotypes 7–9 are related closely to genotype 6 and recently have been reclassified as subtypes of genotype 6 by the Los Alamos National Laboratories (Table 2).4 HCV genotypes 7–9 share significant homology with genotype 1 in the highly
Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 4
HCV genotype 4 is encountered throughout Africa and eastern Mediterranean countries, and usually among immigrants or indigenous injection drug users in North America and Europe.7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
Egypt has the highest HCV genotype 4 prevalence of 91% according to a survey of 122 HCV-infected patients from 15 regions of the country.7 Saudi Arabia probably has the second highest HCV genotype 4 prevalence (60%).10 The prevalence for HCV genotype 4 varies between 11% and 75%
Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 5
HCV genotype 5 is the predominant genotype in South Africa.41 A study of 130 HCV-infected individuals (blood donors, chronic renal failure patients, adult outpatients, and hemophiliacs) from 3 regions of South Africa reported a prevalence of 39.2% for genotype 5, 33% for genotype 1, 21.5% for genotypes 2 and 3, and only 2.3% for genotype 4. Although relatively restricted to South Africa, HCV genotype 5 also can be seen in ethnically diverse European regions such as the Benelux countries.42 Most
Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 6
HCV genotype 6 and 6 subtypes (previously known as genotypes 7–9) have been found primarily in south China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macao, and southeast Asia including Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and Burma.2, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 HCV genotype 10a and 11a also have been found in southeast Asia, but only from Indonesia to date.55 HCV genotype 10a is considered a divergent subtype of genotype 3 (3k), but genotype 11a is related closely to genotype 6 and is considered a subtype of genotype
References (60)
Viral heterogeneity of the hepatitis C virus
J Hepatol
(1999)- et al.
Southeast Asian patients with chronic hepatitis Cthe impact of novel genotypes and race on treatment outcome
Hepatology
(2002) - et al.
Changes in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 in Calabria, Southern Italy
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
(2002) - et al.
Unexpected high prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in Southern Spain
J Hepatol
(1997) - et al.
HCV genotype 4—an emerging threat as a cause of chronic liver disease in Indian (south) patients
J Clin Virol
(2004) - et al.
Route of infection, liver histology and response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis caused by genotype 4 HCV infection in a Western country
J Hepatol
(1998) - et al.
Interferon alone or in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype IV
J Hepatol
(2002) - et al.
The impact of steatosis on baseline characteristic and end of treatment response for chronic hepatitis (C) genotype 4 patients treated with interferon
J Hepatol
(2003) - et al.
Efficacy of pegylated (40 KDA) IFN alfa-2a (PEGASYS) plus ribavirin in the treatment of hepatitis C genotype 4 chronic active patients in Saudi Arabia
J Hepatol
(2002) - et al.
Liver transplantation for HCV-associated liver cirrhosispredictors of outcomes in a population with significant genotype 3 and 4 distribution
Liver Transpl
(2003)
Outcome of liver transplantation for patients infected by hepatitis C, including those infected by genotype 4
Liver Transpl
Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis Ca randomised trial
Lancet
Complete coding sequence of hepatitis C virus genotype 6a
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994
N Engl J Med
Clinical significance of hepatitis C virus genotypes and quasispecies
Semin Liver Dis
Use and interpretation of virological tests for hepatitis C
Hepatology
Genetic epidemiology of hepatitis C virus throughout Egypt
J Infect Dis
Hepatitis-C-virus genotypes and hepatitis-G-virus infection in Lebanese thalassaemics
Ann Trop Med Parasitol
Hepatitis C virus genotypes and hepatitis G virus in hemodialysis patients from Syriaidentification of two novel hepatitis C virus subtypes
Am J Trop Med Hyg
Hepatitis C genotypes and subtypes in Saudi Arabia
J Med Virol
Hepatitis C virus genotype 4 is highly prevalent in central Africa (Gabon)
J Gen Virol
Molecular characterisation of HCV genotype 4 isolates circulating in Italy
J Med Virol
Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Nigeria
J Med Virol
Infection with hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in the United States
J Clin Gastroenterol
High rate of hepatitis C virus infection and predominance of genotype 4 among elderly inhabitants of a remote village of the rain forest of South Cameroon
J Med Virol
Heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 strains circulating in south-western France
J Gen Virol
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in the Caribbean island of Martiniqueevidence for a large radiation of HCV-2 and for a recent introduction from Europe of HCV-4
J Clin Microbiol
Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in India
Indian J Med Res
Epidemiological dynamics of hepatitis C virus among 747 German individualsnew subtypes on the advance
J Clin Microbiol
Cited by (165)
Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Punjab region, Pakistan, based on a study of 4177 specimens
2021, Infection, Genetics and EvolutionRecent trends in molecular epidemiology of Hepatitis C virus in Mardan, KPK Pakistan
2018, Infection, Genetics and EvolutionHepatitis C Virus: Virology and Genotypes
2018, Hepatitis C in Developing Countries: Current and Future ChallengesHepatitis C virus
2022, Clinical Virology: Third EditionAssociation of MTHFR and TYMS gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to HCC in Egyptian HCV cirrhotic patients
2022, Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Dr Keeffe has received research funding from and has been a consultant for Roche.