MinireviewSignaling through MAP kinase networks in plants
Section snippets
Historical background
The MAPK was first discovered in 1986 from animal cells by Sturgill and Ray [15] and named as microtubule associated protein-2 kinase (MAP-2 kinase). Later this kinase was found to be related to a set of proteins that are phosphorylated at tyrosine residue in response to mitogens and it was renamed as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase)
Biochemical assay
The assay for MAP kinase activity is based on the ability of this enzyme to phosphorylate a protein containing a consensus sequence, P-x-S/T-P (proline-x-serine/threonine-proline) [32]. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is the widely used substrate for MAP kinase assay [32]. A routine technique involves the incorporation of MBP into a polyacrylamide gel over which cellular proteins are separated. The kinasing reaction is carried out in the presence of [γ32P]ATP, followed by autoradiography. This
Activation of MAP kinases
In all eukaryotic cells MAP kinase can be regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and/or post-translation (by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation). The MAPKs are activated by dual specificity protein kinases that phosphorylate at the serine/threonine and tyrosine residues in the conserved threonine-x-tyrosine (T-x-Y) sequence of kinase domain [48], [49]. MAPKs also show some tyrosine kinase activity and may auto-phosphorylate on both threonine and tyrosine residues [50]. The
Inactivation of MAP kinases
The inactivation of MAP kinases involves dephosphorylation of threonine and tyrosine residues on T-x-Y motif within the activation loop. Like activation, the inactivation of MAP kinases is also tightly regulated and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. These have different specificities and subcellular localization. Some phosphatases have been identified which inactivate different isoforms of MAPK, these are known as MAPK phosphatases, which include DSP (dual specificity phosphatase), PP2C
Targets of MAP kinases
In mammals and yeast, MAP kinase cascades are active downstream from G-protein coupled receptors or receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) or two-component histidine protein kinase. In response to a stimulus the receptors activate G-proteins like Ras or Rho1, by stimulating the exchange of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) for guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The activated G-proteins, inturn interact with a number of potential effectors such as PI-3-kinase or protein kinase C or MAPKKK like Raf [71]. The
Plant responses regulated by MAP kinases
MAP kinases are one of the largest family of serine-threonine kinases in higher plants that transduce extracellular signals by modulating the activity of other proteins. An activated MAPK, by phosphorylation, can regulate the function of the transcription factors, cytoskeletal components, and other kinases including the other MAP kinase components. MAPK pathway components can execute a wide variety of roles in plant cell signal transduction pathways such as osmoregulation, hormone signaling
Cross-talk between plant MAP kinases
As detailed above, MAP kinases play a central role in transduction of different types of signals. The complexity is enhanced when the activator of MAP kinase pathway is itself regulating diverse plant responses. This is best exemplified by phyto-hormones, which mediate developmental programmes in plants as well as plant responses to a large number of extracellular signals. Usually, more than one hormone is involved in regulating a physiological event. It is therefore evident that plant MAP
Future perspectives for MAP kinase research in plants
The involvement of MAP kinases in various metabolic processes in plant cells might have general implications. In plants the MAP kinase cascade is just beginning to be understood. The overall progress of research on MAP kinases in plant systems has been slow when compared to other systems. However, the increasing numbers of reports describing plant MAP kinase-signaling components reflect their central role in plant growth and development. So far the role of these kinases in stress and hormonal
Glossary
- ABI1
- ABA insensitive 1
- ANP
- Arabidopsis NPK1 homolog
- AtDsPTP
- Arabidopsis thaliana dual specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase
- AtMRK
- Arabidopsis thaliana MLK/Raf-related protein kinase
- AtMPK
- Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase
- Avr
- Avirulence
- BWMK1
- Blast- and wound-induced MAP kinase 1
- Bck1
- Bypass of C kinase 1
- CD domain
- Common docking domain
- CKI1
- Cytokinin histidine kinase sensor
- CRE1
- Cytokinin response 1
- CTR1
- Constitutive ethylene response mutant
- DSP
- Dual specificity phosphatase
- EDR1
- Enhanced disease
References (180)
Cell
(1995)- et al.
Cell Biol. Int.
(1997) - et al.
Trends Plant Sci.
(2005) Peptides
(2005)- et al.
Mutat. Res.
(2005) - et al.
Trends Biotechnol.
(1997) - et al.
Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol.
(2001) - et al.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
(1986) - et al.
Differentiation
(1987) Trends Biochem. Sci.
(1994)
Int. Rev. Cytol.
Gene
Biol. Cell
Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.
Methods Enzymol.
Methods Enzymol.
Methods Enzymol.
Methods Enzymol.
Methods Enzymol.
J. Biol. Chem.
J. Biol. Chem.
FEBS Lett.
Biochem. Biophys. Acta
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.
FEBS Lett.
Trends Biochem. Sci.
Trends Biochem. Sci.
J. Biol. Chem.
Cell
J. Biol. Chem.
Curr. Biol.
Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol.
Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol.
J. Biol. Chem.
Trends Biochem. Sci.
J. Biol. Chem.
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol.
J. Exp. Bot.
Annu. Rev. Genet.
Plant Mol. Biol.
Results and problems in cell differentiation: MAP kinases
Plant J.
New Phytol.
Eur. J. Biochem.
Plant Mol. Biol.
Semin. Cancer Biol.
Biochem. Cell Biol.
Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.
Trends Plant Sci.
Cited by (278)
Biological relevance of sound in plants
2022, Environmental and Experimental BotanyThe mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MKK2 positively regulates constitutive cold resistance in the potato
2022, Environmental and Experimental BotanyCitation Excerpt :Functional mechanistic research on SaMKK2 in response to cold stress could reveal the formation of the strongest constitutive cold resistance of S. acaule. Cold stress can cause physiological responses in plants, leading to changes in gene expression induced by MAPK activation (Huang et al., 2012; Mishra et al., 2006). Thus, a transcriptome analysis was conducted to explore the downstream pathway regulated by SaMKK2, and the expression levels of CBF1/2/3 in the OE-SaMKK2 transgenic lines were found to be significantly higher than that of wild-type E3 after low-temperature treatment for 2 h (Fig. 5a, Supplementary Table 3).
Modulation of abscisic acid signaling for stomatal operation under salt stress conditions
2022, Advances in Botanical ResearchTomato SlMAPK3 Modulates Cold Resistance by Regulating the Synthesis of Raffinose and the Expression of SlWRKY46
2024, Journal of Agricultural and Food ChemistryIdentification of mitogen-activated protein kinases substrates in Arabidopsis using kinase client assay
2024, Plant Signaling and Behavior