Practice ParameterEnvironmental assessment and exposure reduction of rodents: a practice parameter
Section snippets
Recommendation rating scale
Statement Definition Implication Strong recommendation (StrRec) A strong recommendation means the benefits of the recommended approach clearly exceed the harms (or that the harms clearly exceed the benefits in the case of a strong negative recommendation) and that the quality of the supporting evidence is excellent (grade A or B*). In some clearly identified circumstances, strong recommendations may be made based on lesser evidence when high-quality evidence is impossible to obtain and the
The Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters
The Joint Task Force (JTF) on Practice Parameters is a 13-member task force consisting of 6 representatives assigned by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 6 by the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, and 1 by the Joint Council of Allergy and Immunology. This task force oversees the development of practice parameters; selects the workgroup chair(s); and reviews drafts of the parameters for accuracy, practicality, clarity, and broad utility of the recommendations
Terms related to evaluation of exposures
Contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological, or radioactive substance that can have an adverse effect on air, water, or soil or on any interior or exterior surface and that has the potential to cause harm to a building's occupants. Contaminants can be allergens, irritants, or other types of substances, including biologically active ones. Rodents generally produce contaminants in the form of rodent allergens.
Facilitating factors are conditions that facilitate production of allergens by
Preface
“Environmental Assessment and Exposure Reduction of Rodents: A Practice Parameter” is a practice parameter that addresses health problems associated with exposure to these animals. The previous practice parameter on furry animals focused on voluntary exposure to intentionally introduced animals into the environment, whereas this practice parameter focuses on involuntary exposure caused by rodent infestation.
Rodent infestation of a home or a building requires the help of professionals trained to
List of summary statements
1. Exposure to mouse allergen in homes should be minimized to reduce the risk of sensitization. (Rec, B Evidence)
2. Exposure to rodent allergens should be minimized to reduce the risk that sensitized individuals will develop sensitivity in the form of respiratory symptoms. (Rec, C Evidence)
3. Mouse and rat allergen exposure should be minimized to reduce the risk of asthma morbidity in already sensitized individuals. (StrRec, B Evidence)
4. Measurement of mouse-specific IgG4 may help to identify
Executive summary
Rodent infestation and subsequent allergen exposure can occur in a wide range of environments, including homes, schools, hospitals, stores, restaurants, and animal laboratory facilities.1 The amount of rodent allergen exposure in a particular environment depends on numerous factors, the most important of which is the presence of rodents. Other factors include reservoirs and ingress of allergens from other locations.
The health effects of rodent exposure start with sensitization, which leads to
Major rodent allergens
The currently identified major mouse and rat allergens are Mus m 1 and Rat n 1 respectively.
Exposure to rodent allergens
In 2 studies of inner-city homes, 100% of the homes in one had detectable mouse allergen in settled dust, with a median level of 14 μg/g, whereas the other reported detectable airborne Mus m 1 in more than 80% of bedrooms of children with asthma.14 Another study found that 75% to 80% of suburban Maryland homes had detectable mouse allergen,15 although levels were 100- to 1000-fold less than those found in inner-city Baltimore.16
Mus m 1 is one of the few allergens to span environments
Aerodynamic and environmental properties
The aerodynamic and environmental properties of Mus m 1 have been characterized and studied in laboratory, home, and school settings. It is carried on small and large particles and has the ability to migrate throughout a building.8 Rat allergens are carried on particles ranging from 1 to 20 μm in diameter, with most less than 7 μm,32 and can remain airborne for 60 minutes or longer after disturbance of the environment.
Studies have characterized mouse allergen in public areas of an animal facility
Health effects
For rodent allergen exposure to cause adverse health effects, a chain of events is necessary. First, exposure to rodent allergens leads to the development of allergic IgE sensitization. Once that has occurred, further exposure leads to the development of asthma or rhinitis. Finally, once a patient has become sensitized and has developed respiratory disease, additional exposure causes morbidity in the form of exacerbation of respiratory symptoms.
1. Exposure to mouse allergen in homes should be
Tolerance to rodent allergens
4. Measurement of mouse-specific IgG4 may help to identify individuals with a reduced risk of mouse skin test sensitivity though the benefit of doing so is unclear. (NoRec, C Evidence)
Tolerance has been observed in some occupational laboratory workers who have been sensitized to rodent allergens. Although the exact mechanism behind this is not totally clear, the presence of specific IgG and IgG4 blocking antibodies has been proposed as a possible mechanism. This is based on the observation that
Clinical evaluation
5. Patients with possible rodent allergy should be asked whether they have seen rodents in their home. (StrRec, B Evidence)
Direct measurement of rodent allergens in homes is not generally available for clinical use. Fortunately, a patient report of rodent infestation has been shown to have a high positive predictive value for high levels of mouse allergen in the home.25 In one study, when patients reported the presence of mice, 90% of those homes had Mus m 1 levels greater than 0.5mcg/g of
Immunotherapy for rodents
7. Immunotherapy with rodent extracts has not been adequately studied to determine whether it is effective. (NoRec, D Evidence)
Evidence for treatment of rodent-allergic patients with allergen immunotherapy is sparse. A case report of a rat-allergic laboratory worker who received immunotherapy with rat epithelium for 18 months described a decrease in rat-specific IgE and reduced symptoms with exposure to rats.58 In a study of 23 patients, a significant increase in blocking antibody titers as
Exposure assessment and reduction
Assessment for rodents is a qualitative process that requires a careful walk-through of the property and systematically collecting qualitative evidence for the presence of rodents. The goal of rodent exposure reduction is to eliminate or minimize the source of rodent allergens from the environment and to remove or abate their reservoirs. In the furry animal practice parameter, removal of sources was impractical because most families are reluctant to give up a beloved pet. The situation is
Assessment
8. An assessment for facilitative factors of rodent exposure should focus on identifying food, water, routes of ingress, and the presence of rodent habitats. (Rec, C Evidence)
When performing an assessment for factors that lead to an infestation by rodents, it helps to guide the inspection with a schematic of the building. The goal is to find areas that might provide shelter, food, water, or access to the building. Because rodents require food and water, the presence of these factors is an
Assessment
10. Evidence for the presence of rodents should be identified to determine the likely extent of an infestation. (Rec, C Evidence)
The US Department of Housing and Urban Development's “Guidance on Integrated Pest Management” recommends establishing a zero threshold for when implementation of rodent pest management should be implemented. This means that if even one rodent is observed, action should be taken to eliminate the pest.62
The most obvious evidence for the presence of rodents is seeing
Reservoirs
The main reservoirs of rodent allergens include carpeting, areas with rodent feces and urine, and areas where rodents are present. The allergens become incorporated into dust, which can remain allergenic for long periods.
Laboratory animal handlers
16. Monitoring for rodent sensitization should be considered at least for the first 3 years of employment in an laboratory animal facility. (Rec, C Evidence)
Approximately one-third of laboratory animal workers develop occupational allergy to animal allergens, and a third of these have symptomatic asthma. Sensitization generally occurs with the first 3 years of employment.76 Risk factors include atopic background and the intensity of exposure.77 In one study, skin prick test results were
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Cited by (0)
This parameter was developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.
Disclaimer: The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) and the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing “Environmental Assessment and Remediation: A Practice Parameter.” This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the executive offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion.
Reprints: Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 50 N Brockway St, #3-3, Palatine, IL 60067.
Disclosures: The following is a summary of interests disclosed on Work Group members' Conflict of Interest Disclosure Statements (not including information concerning family member interests). Completed Conflict of Interest Disclosure Statements are available upon request. Dr Sublett is the owner of AllergyZone. Dr Portnoy is a consultant for ThermoFisher (Phadia). Dr Barnes is a consultant for and has received research funding from Clorox Corporation. Mr Grimes is the owner of Healthy Habitats LLC. Dr Matsui is speaker for Indoor BioTechnologies. Dr Seltzer is the president of James M. Seltzer, Assoc. The other Work Group members have no conflicts to disclose. The Joint Task Force recognizes that experts in a field are likely to have interests that could come into conflict with development of a completely unbiased and objective practice parameter. To take advantage of that expertise, a process has been developed to prevent potential conflicts from influencing the final document in a negative way. At the workgroup level, members who have a potential conflict of interest either do not participate in discussions concerning topics related to the potential conflict or, if they do write a section on that topic, the workgroup completely rewrites it without their involvement to remove potential bias. In addition, the entire document is reviewed by the Joint Taskforce and any apparent bias is removed at that level. Finally, the practice parameter is sent for review both by invited reviewers and by anyone with an interest in the topic by posting the document on the web sites of the ACAAI and the AAAAI. These reviewers make comments which often change the document and would further delete any bias on the part of any one individual involved in the drafting of the document.
The Joint Task Force has made a concerted effort to acknowledge all contributors to this parameter. If any contributors have been excluded inadvertently, the task force will ensure that appropriate recognition of such contributions is made subsequently.
Workgroup Cochairs, James Sublett, MD, Family Allergy and Asthma, Louisville, Kentucky; Kevin Kennedy, MPH, Center for Environmental Health Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri; Joint Task Force Liaison, Jay M. Portnoy, MD, Section of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, The Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Joint Task Force Members, David I. Bernstein, MD, Department of Clinical Medicine and Environmental Health, Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Joann Blessing-Moore, MD, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California; Linda Cox, MD, Department of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Davie, Florida; David A. Khan, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; David M. Lang, MD, Allergy/Immunology Section, Division of Medicine, Director, Allergy and Immunology Fellowship Training Program, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Richard A. Nicklas, MD, Department of Medicine, George Washington Medical Center, Washington, DC; John Oppenheimer, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Pulmonary and Allergy Associates, Morristown, New Jersey; Jay M. Portnoy, MD, Section of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, The Children's Mercy Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri; Christopher C. Randolph, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Yale Affiliated Hospitals, Center for Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, Waterbury, Connecticut; Diane E. Schuller, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical College, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Sheldon L. Spector, MD, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Stephen A. Tilles, MD, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Redmond, Washington; Dana Wallace, MD, Department of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Davie, Florida; Parameter Work Group Members, Charles Barnes, PhD, Allergy Research, The Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri; David I. Bernstein, MD, Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Jonathan A. Bernstein, MD, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology/Allergy Section, Cincinnati, Ohio; Carl Grimes, CIEC Healthy Habitats LLC, Denver, Colorado; Elizabeth Matsui, MD, MHS, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; J. David Miller, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Carlton, University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Wanda Phipatanakul, MD, MS, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Harvard Medical School Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; James M. Seltzer, MD, Department of Allergy and Immunology, Reliance Medical Group, Worcester, Massachusetts; P. Brock Williams, PhD, Department of Allergy/Immunology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine and The Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri.
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Chief Editor: Wanda Phipatanakul, MD, Elizabeth Matsui, MD, MHS, Jay Portnoy, MD
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Members of the Joint Task Force: David Bernstein, MD, Joann Blessing-Moore, MD, Linda Cox, MD, David Khan, MD, David Lang, MD, Richard Nicklas, MD, John Oppenheimer, MD, Jay Portnoy, MD, Christopher Randolph, MD, Diane Schuller, MD, Sheldon Spector, MD, Stephen A. Tilles, MD, Dana Wallace, MD
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Practice Parameter Work Group: James Sublett, MD, cochair, Kevin Kennedy, MPH, cochair, Charles Barnes, PhD, David Bernstein, MD, Jonathan Bernstein, MD, Carl Grimes, Elizabeth Matsui, MD, MHS, J. David Miller, PhD, Wanda Phipatanakul, MD, MS, James Seltzer, MD, P. Brock Williams, PhD