Twilight transitions in coral reef fish: the input of light-induced changes in foraging behaviour
Section snippets
Study Sites
We carried out the field study at the coral reef in front of the H. Steinitz Marine Biology Laboratory (MBL) of Eilat, and at the Underwater Observatory Marine Park (hereafter ‘Observatory’), Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea (29°30′ N, 34°56′E). A detailed description of the local reef community is found in Fishelson (1971) and Benayahu & Loya (1977); the local fish community was thoroughly studied by Brokovich (2001) and Khalaf & Kochzius (2002). Briefly, the local fringing reef is dominated by stony
In Situ Fish Behaviour
At 10 m depth at MBL, the time the first D. marginatus emerged from shelter at dawn and the time the last individual retreated to shelter at dusk were highly synchronized with sunrise and sunset (Fig. 2a). Emergence occurred around sunrise (±4 min), while the time of retreat always occurred 2–10 min before sunset. That is, emergence at dawn occurred under significantly lower light intensity than the retreat at dusk (t test: t37 = −7.046, P < 0.001; Fig. 2b). Neither current speed nor relative
Discussion
The transition behaviour in the site-attached reef-dwelling planktivorous fish we studied was asymmetric with regard to light intensity. The emergence at dawn occurred at lower light levels than the retreat at dusk, equivalent to a difference of 6–10 min. Fish in the reef mesocosms had a longer feeding time than in situ, as they emerged from, and retreated to, their shelter at lower light levels. Our manipulation experiment indicated that the time of retreat at dusk was directly controlled by
Acknowledgments
We thank Moty Ohevia for fabricating the illumination sources used both in the flume and at the Observatory, designing video cameras, helping with the video recordings and extensive technical help during the study; R. Holzman and M. Kiflawi for productive discussions, ideas, and comments on the manuscript; and O. Ben-Tzvi, D. Cohencius, S. Eckstein, B. Farstey, R. Goldshmid, R. Kent, S. Sabah, R. Yahel and G. Yahel for invaluable help with observations on fish behaviour at the Observatory. This
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