Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Direct monitoring of in vivo ER stress during the development of insulin resistance with ER stress-activated indicator transgenic mice
Section snippets
Materials and methods
ERAI transgenic mice. To directly monitor in vivo ER stress in various insulin target tissues such as liver, fat, and muscle under diabetic conditions with insulin resistance, we used ER stress-activated indicator (ERAI) transgenic mice carrying the XBP-1-delta-DBD-venus expression gene [14]. In these transgenic mice, the gene encoding venus, a variant of green fluorescent protein, is fused as a reporter downstream of a partial sequence of human XBP-1 including the ER stress-specific intron.
Insulin resistance induced by high fat and high sucrose (HF/HS) diet in ERAI transgenic mice
To directly monitor in vivo ER stress in various insulin target tissues such as liver, fat, and muscle under diabetic conditions with insulin resistance, we treated ER stress-activated indicator (ERAI) transgenic mice with a high fat and high sucrose (HF/HS) diet which is well known to induce insulin resistance. Since ERAI transgenic mice express green fluorescent protein (GFP) under ER stress conditions, we evaluated ER stress levels in various insulin target tissues during the development of
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Masayuki Miura (Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo) for valuable suggestions for this study. Also, we thank Dr. Helena Akiko Popiel for valuable comments on the manuscript.
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