Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Trichoplax, the simplest known animal, contains an estrogen-related receptor but no estrogen receptor: Implications for estrogen receptor evolution
Section snippets
Materials and methods
BLAST [33] was used to collect ERR and ER sequences from the JGI server [http://genome.jgi-psf.org] and GenBank. Two different methods, Clustal X 2.0 [34], which uses a neighbor-joining algorithm [35], and PHYML [36], which uses a maximum likelihood algorithm, were used to construct phylogenetic trees of various ERs, ERRs, human retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα) and amphioxus RXR.
For the Clustal X 2.0 phylogeny, the multiple alignments of ERs, ERRs and RXRs were done using the iteration option for
Four nuclear receptors are present in a basal diploblast
The DNA and ligand-binding domains of human ERRγ, human ERα, octopus ER, Aplysia ER, Thais ER and oyster ER were used as queries for BLAST searches for orthologs in Trichoplax, Capitella, Helobdella, and Lottia on the JGI server. The BLAST search of Trichoplex with human ERRγ yielded four high scoring nuclear receptors. Searches with human ERα and invertebrate ERs found the same genes in Trichoplax. To classify the four Trichoplax genes, we used their sequences as queries for BLAST searches of
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2020, Molecular and Cellular EndocrinologySteroid receptors and vertebrate evolution
2019, Molecular and Cellular EndocrinologyCitation Excerpt :Sequence analysis indicates that nuclear receptors are not present in yeast or plants. Nuclear receptors have been found in basal metazoans: sponges (Porifera) (Bridgham et al., 2010) and Trichoplax adhaerens (Placazoa) (Baker, 2008; Khalturin et al., 2018; Novotny et al., 2017; Reitzel et al., 2018), which contain two and four nuclear receptors, respectively. Trichoplax has an estrogen related receptor γ (ERRγ), a retinoid X receptor (RXR), a chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter receptor (COUP) and an Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 receptor (HNF4).
Alternative retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands
2019, Molecular and Cellular EndocrinologyCitation Excerpt :Phylogenetic analyses identified an RXR ancestral gene in Placozoans (Baker, 2008; Srivastava et al., 2008) and Cnidarians (Fuchs et al., 2014; Kostrouch et al., 1998), the simplest multicellular organisms and most ancient animal lineages. In particular, Trichoplax adhaerens (an ameboid-like multicellular organism, a member of Placozoans present in seawater) is the first organism in the animal lineage to have a well-documented RXR orthologue, the TaRXR (Baker, 2008; Srivastava et al., 2008). This RXR prototype was recently shown to share a number of important structural and functional similarities with mammalian RXRs.
Fatty-acylation target sequence in the ligand-binding domain of vertebrate steroid receptors demarcates evolution from estrogen-related receptors
2018, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe promiscuous estrogen receptor: Evolution of physiological estrogens and response to phytochemicals and endocrine disruptors
2018, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCitation Excerpt :We use this evolutionary perspective [9,85,86] to investigate various inter-related questions including when did the ER arise, what were the ligand(s) that activate the ancestral ER receptor, and what were the physiological actions of the ER in basal chordates and vertebrates? Nuclear receptors are found in basal animals, but not in plants, yeast, or bacteria [87–92]. Receptors for adrenal and sex steroids evolved in deuterostomes [20,87,88,91–94].