Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of [125I]MRS5127, a high affinity, selective agonist radioligand for the A3 adenosine receptor
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Modulation of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is being explored in preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of a variety of diseases [1], [2]. Selective agonists 1 and 2 (Fig. 1) are undergoing clinical trials for hepatocarcinoma, rheumatoid arthritis (phase IIB completed), psoriasis, and dry eye disease [3], [4]. Other target diseases for selective A3AR agonists and antagonists that might be the subject of future clinical trials are neurodegeneration [5], [6], inflammatory bowel disease [7], other autoimmune inflammatory diseases [8], and cancer [9]. The level of expression of the A3AR was found to be elevated in tumors, neutrophils, and synoviocytes in the disease state [9], [10], [11], [12]. The A3AR expression level correlated to the responsiveness in arthritis patients to therapy with the A3AR agonist IB-MECA 1[4].
The most widely used radioligand for the study of the A3AR is the high affinity agonist [125I]I-AB-MECA 3 (Kd ∼ 1 nM at human (h), mouse (m), and rat (r) A3ARs) [13], [14]. The disadvantage of this compound is its low selectivity for the A3AR. Thus, it is useful for characterization of the A3AR in cell lines overexpressing the receptor and in various cells expressing the A3AR at high levels, such as eosinophils and neutrophils [15], but not in most native tissues. [3H]HEMADO (2-hexyn-1-yl-N6-methyladenosine), a tritiated radioligand of high affinity and selectivity was reported to be a useful radioligand for the hA3AR and demonstrated to have low non-specific binding [16]. However, the greatly decreased affinity of adenosine agonists at the rat A3AR in comparison to the human A3AR has been noted consistently for adenosine analogues substituted at the 6 position with small alkyl moieties and at the 5′ and 2 positions with a range of structures [17], [18], [19], [20]. Several antagonist radioligands have been used previously in in vitro studies, such as the pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivative [3H]MRE 3008F20 4 and the 4,5,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[2,1-i]purin-5-one derivative [3H]PSB-11 5[21], [22]. The disadvantage of these structurally diverse heterocyclic antagonists is their low affinity for the A3AR in nonhuman tissue. For example, the affinity of MRE 3008F20 at the rat A3AR is >10 μM [23]. Recently, a 18F-labeled radioligand, the 6-phenylpyridine derivative 6, suitable for PET (positron emission tomography) studies in both human and murine species was reported [24].
A new approach to designing ligands for the A3AR that bind selectively to several species homologues of this receptor is based on 5′-truncated nucleoside derivatives. Recently, we have extended this truncation approach to selective A3AR ligands containing the rigid (N)-methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) ring system as a ribose substitute [25], [26]. This bicyclic ring system maintains a conformation that is preferred at the A3AR increasing selectivity, even in the absence of a 5′-N-methyluronamide group. Some members of this series were found to have reduced intrinsic activity for the A3AR or to function as full antagonists [25], [26]. One member of this series, the partial agonist MRS5147 7, was labeled with 76Br for use as a PET ligand of high affinity [27]. [76Br]MRS5147 bound to human and rat A3ARs with Ki values of 0.62 and 5.2 nM, respectively. The corresponding 3-iodo derivative MRS5127 8 also displays high affinity at both the h and r A3ARs [25], [26]. MRS5127 8 was highly A3AR-selective; its affinity at three human AR subtypes was determined: hA1 = 3040 ± 610 nM, hA2A = 1080 ± 310 nM, hA3 = 1.44 ± 0.60 nM. By Schild analysis of [35S]GTPγS binding to membranes from CHO cells expressing the hA3AR, MRS5127 appeared to be an antagonist [25]. However, further analysis determined that it is a partial agonist stimulating cAMP production in transfected cells with 45% efficacy compared to the full agonist NECA [26]. In this study, we have synthesized a radioiodinated form of this truncated rigid carbocyclic nucleoside derivative for in vitro studies and have characterized its binding properties at the A3AR in several species.
Section snippets
Materials and instrumentation
Hexamethyltin and other reagents, including pharmacological agents, were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO), except where noted. MRS5127 8 was prepared as reported [25]. Sodium [125I]iodide (17.4 Ci/mg) in NaOH (1.0 × 10−5 M) was supplied by PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Science (Boston, MA). 1H NMR spectra were obtained with a Varian Gemini 300 spectrometer using CDCl3 and CD3OD as solvents. Chemical shifts are expressed in δ values (ppm) with tetramethylsilane (δ
Chemistry
Since MRS5127 already contains an iodine atom that is associated with high A3AR affinity and selectivity, that position was selected for convenient radiolabeling. A versatile method for rapidly introducing radioactive iodine on an aromatic ring is to use a stannyl precursor. The feasibility of this route was demonstrated through a ‘cold’ iodination reaction (Fig. 2). The trimethylstannyl precursor 9 was generated in one step and in a good yield of 90% from MRS5127 using a palladium reagent and
Discussion
MRS5127 is a member of a new series of adenine nucleoside ligands for the A3AR that contains a rigid (N)-methanocarbo(bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) ring system substituted for the ribose moiety. It contains a 4′-truncated ribose-like moiety, which in various nucleoside analogue series has been shown to reduce relative efficacy at the A3AR. In previous studies, this compound was shown to display high affinity for human and rat A3ARs, with exceptional selectivity versus the other AR subtypes including
Acknowledgements
This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (KAJ) and by NIH R01 HL077707 (JAA). We thank Dr. Artem Melman (Clarkson University) for preparation of synthetic intermediates, and Dr. Zhan-Guo Gao and Dr. Athena Keene-Klutz for helpful discussion.
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2018, Biochemical PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Exchanging the 5′-uronamide group, as in the adenosine-like 4′-CH2OH derivative MRS1873 [19] and the truncated 4′-H MRS5127, drastically lowered the Emax and potency towards both signalling pathways (Table 2; Fig. 2C). MRS5127 has well-suited antagonist-like properties for radioligand binding assays but partial agonist activity in some functional assays [25,26,65]. The N6-iodobenzyl group of MRS5127 tends to preserve potency more than, for example, the N6-dicyclopropylmethyl group of MRS5474 [27] in βarr2 recruitment as well as in cAMP signalling (Table 2; Fig. 2C; Fig. 3, blue curves).
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2018, Biochemical PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :More impressive kinetics were observed in the methanocarba series. From a previous study it was concluded that a possible H-bond interaction between the amide modification at the original 5′ position (–CONHCH3) and residues in the binding pocket of the hA3 receptor was a key feature of agonist kinetics [47]. Comparing the kinetics of ribofurano MRS7294 and its methanocarba equivalent MRS5980 provides evidence the conformational-constrained (N)-methanocarba moiety as a ribofurano ring substitute adds to the slow dissociation of MRS5980, suggesting this rigid ring system fits even better in the ligand binding pocket.
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2011, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - BiomembranesCitation Excerpt :Thus, the nucleoside derivatives MRS5147 (84) and its 3-iodo analogue MRS5127 (85) are highly selective A3AR ligands generally across species. MRS5127 (84) was recently reported as a radioligand selective for the A3AR [78]. The truncated 4′-thioadenosine derivative LJ-1251 (86), which acts as a A3AR antagonist across species, was shown to lower intraocular pressure when applied topically [79,80].
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