Advancing the neuroscience of ADHDMolecular Genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Section snippets
Family, Twin, and Adoption Studies of ADHD
Several studies have reported an elevated prevalence of ADHD among family members of individuals with ADHD (here and elsewhere we use the term “ADHD” to refer to current and prior terms used to describe the syndrome). Early studies found the risk of ADHD among parents of children with ADHD to be increased by two- to eightfold, with similarly elevated risk among the siblings of ADHD subjects (for a review of this literature, see Faraone and Biederman 2000). Because other environmental
Molecular Genetic Studies of ADHD
In an attempt to find regions of chromosomes that might harbor genes for ADHD, three groups have conducted genome-wide linkage scans. By this approach, many DNA acid markers across the genome are examined to determine whether any chromosomal regions are shared more often than expected among ADHD family members. Regions identified in these studies can then be examined in more detail with additional markers.
A study of 126 American affected sib-pairs found four regions showing some evidence of
Discussion
Although twin studies demonstrate that ADHD is a highly heritable condition, molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex. The handful of genome-wide scans that have been conducted thus far show divergent findings and are, therefore, not conclusive. In contrast, the many candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder. As Table 1 shows, for the eight genes for which the same variant
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