Original ArticleMeta-Analysis of Structural Imaging Findings in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Section snippets
Methods and Materials
We searched the MEDLINE (PubMed) and PsycINFO databases, using the key words ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit disorder, hyperkinetic disorder, neuroimaging, structural imaging, imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and MRI. Citations from identified articles were also searched for relevant studies. We placed no limit on year of publication and the search was completed in January of 2005. To be included, studies must have been written in English, used magnetic
Results
A meta-analysis including all brain regions measured across all studies indicated global reductions for the ADHD subjects compared with control subjects, SMD = .408, Z = 17.21, p < .001, 95% confidence interval (.361–.454). Not surprisingly, there was also significant heterogeneity across regions and studies, χ2 = 437.09, p < .001. Regions of interest that were assessed in at least three studies are shown in Table 2, Table 3. Table 2 presents ROIs that yielded significant SMDs between ADHD and
Discussion
This meta-analysis provides a quantitative analysis of the structural imaging findings for ADHD youth. By conducting meta-analyses for each ROI, we demonstrated that the brain regions most frequently assessed and showing the largest and most significant area or volumetric reductions relative to control subjects include cerebellar ROIs, in particular the posterior inferior vermis, as well as the splenium of the CC, total and right cerebral volume, and right caudate. Regions of interest assessed
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