Brief ReportPersistent Increases in Cocaine-Seeking Behavior After Acute Exposure to Cold Swim Stress
Section snippets
Methods and Materials
Procedures are described in detail in Supplement 1. Briefly, rats self-administered saline (n = 19) or cocaine (600 μg/kg/infusion, n = 23) using nose pokes as the operant response. After eight self-administration sessions, rats underwent an extinction phase. During extinction, rats were placed in the self-administration chambers for 16 additional sessions during which nose-poking in the active hole did not result in drug delivery. Rats that did not reach the extinction criteria were eliminated
Self-Administration Training and Extinction Phase
All rats nose-poked preferentially in the active hole versus the inactive hole to obtain infusions of either cocaine or saline [hole effect F(1,33) = 61.5, p < .001]. Average daily intake of cocaine was 35 ± 1.4 infusions (i.e., 21 mg/kg/day), whereas it was 8.1 ± 1.4 for saline [drug effect F(1,33) = 163.3, p < .001]. As expected, active/inactive hole discrimination was greater in the cocaine versus saline group [drug × hole interaction F(1,33) = 35.6, p < .001]. In addition, rats with access
Discussion
Our results demonstrate that a brief stressor administered outside the self-administration environment is able to reinstate extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior after the stress itself has ended. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that a stressor both temporally and contextually separated from the drug-paired environment has been shown to induce reinstatement. The effects of cold swim stress on drug-seeking behavior persisted for up to 3 days after exposure to the stress. Swim stress
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2018, Neurobiology of StressCitation Excerpt :Many of the same stimuli that induce relapse or craving in humans have been demonstrated to reinstate drug seeking in rodents, including non-contingent priming injections of the drug, exposure to drug-associated cues and contexts, and exposure to stressors (Self and Nestler, 1998; Shaham et al., 2000; Stewart, 2000). A variety of stressors have been demonstrated to reinstate drug seeking following self-administration, including uncontrollable electric footshock (Buczek et al., 1999; Erb et al., 1996; Lê et al., 1998; Shaham and Stewart, 1995; Shepard et al., 2004), acute food deprivation (Shalev et al., 2003a,b, 2000), forced swim (Conrad et al., 2010), pharmacological “stressors” such as yohimbine (Bremner et al., 1996; Feltenstein and See, 2006; Lê et al., 2005; Shepard et al., 2004) and corticotropin releasing factor (Erb et al., 2006; Lê et al., 2002; Shaham et al., 1997), and cues previously paired with social defeat (Funk et al., 2005). Notably, the complexity of the contribution of stress to drug seeking in humans can also be captured using the self-administration/reinstatement approach.
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