Research ReportPostnatal developmental profile of urocortin 1 and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the perioculomotor region of C57BL/6J mice
Introduction
Urocortin 1 (Ucn 1) is a member of the corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides and is known to act with high affinity on both CRF1 and CRF2 receptors (Vaughan et al., 1995). In the brain Ucn 1 is most highly expressed in the perioculomotor urocortin containing neurons (pIIIu) (May et al., 2008, Ryabinin et al., 2008, Spangler et al., 2009), a brain region previously referred to as the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus (npEW) (Bittencourt et al., 1999, Kozicz et al., 1998, Ryabinin et al., 2005, Vaughan et al., 1995, Weitemier et al., 2005). To a lesser degree, Ucn 1 is also expressed in the lateral superior olive (Bittencourt et al., 1999, Weitemier et al., 2005). The distribution of this peptide has been examined in various animal models in both the central nervous system and the periphery (Boorse and Denver, 2006, Cunha et al., 2007, Kozicz et al., 1998, Kozicz and Arimura, 2002, Kozicz et al., 2002, Lim et al., 2006, May et al., 2008), but the developmental trajectory of Ucn 1 immunoreactivity (ir) has been limited in the literature.
Ucn 1 expression has been reported in fetal ovine pituitary and human colon (Holloway et al., 2002, Muramatsu et al., 2000). In the nervous tissue, many studies have found that exogenous application of Ucn 1 has a neuroprotective and neurotrophic role, suggesting that Ucn 1 could play a role during development (Abuirmeileh et al., 2007, Brar et al., 2000, Calle et al., 2005, Choi et al., 2006, Facci et al., 2003, Gounko et al., 2005, Swinny et al., 2004b). However, this interpretation is complicated by the fact that exogenous application of Ucn 1 does not distinguish between the endogenous actions of Ucn 1 and other CRF-like peptides. It has been previously reported that CRF and CRF receptors show brain region-specific profiles of expression, appear in the brain already prenatally, but are not found in pIIIu at any age (Avishai-Eliner et al., 1996, Baram and Lerner, 1991, Bittencourt et al., 1999, Bugnon et al., 1982, Chalmers et al., 1995, Eghbal-Ahmadi et al., 1998, Grino et al., 1989, Korosi and Baram, 2008, Potter et al., 1992). To evaluate the potential role of Ucn 1 in development, it would be beneficial to study the ontogenic profile of Ucn 1 expression. To this date only one study attempted to characterize this profile (Swinny et al., 2004a). This study performed in the rat, reported presence of Ucn 1-positive fibers in cerebellum and Ucn 1-positive cells in inferior olive at postnatal day (PND) 3, an increase of Ucn 1-positive fibers in the cerebellum at PND 8 and PND 15 and presence of Ucn 1-positive cells at PND 15. These findings suggested a substantial change in brain Ucn 1 expression during postnatal development warranting future more detailed investigations.
The developmental expression profile of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), a peptide that strongly but not completely co-localizes with Ucn 1 in the perioculomotor area (pIII) (Kozicz, 2003, Lazar et al., 2004, Lima et al., 2008, Xu et al., 2009), has been examined prenatally (Brischoux et al., 2002). It was reported that CART is expressed during early embryonic development, and the finding that these cells migrate through the ventral tegmentum area and settle in the pIII, has led to the argument that CART may be one of the earliest neuropeptides with a neuromodulatory role that is expressed in the brain (Brischoux et al., 2002, Risold et al., 2006). Although, this prenatal developmental profile was reported, the postnatal developmental expression profile of CART has only been examined in other brain regions (Abraham et al., 2007).
Various studies indicate that cells in the pIIIu are sensitive to stress (Cunha et al., 2007, Gaszner et al., 2004, Kozicz, 2007), ethanol (EtOH) administration and self-administration (Bachtell et al., 1999, Chang et al., 1995, Ryabinin et al., 1997, Sharpe et al., 2005, Topple et al., 1998), and administration of other drugs of abuse (Bachtell et al., 2002a, Spangler et al., 2009). A greater number of Ucn 1-positive cells in pIIIu can be found in many ethanol-preferring strains of mice and rats, including C57BL/6J (B6) mice, versus alcohol avoiding strains (Bachtell et al., 2002b, Bachtell et al., 2003, Fonareva et al., 2009, Ryabinin and Weitemier, 2006, Turek et al., 2005) and both Ucn 1 and CART play an important role in the actions of alcohol and other addictive drugs in adult animals (Bachtell et al., 2004, Dandekar et al., 2008, Jaworski et al., 2008, Ryabinin et al., 2008, Salinas et al., 2006, Turek and Ryabinin, 2005, Weitemier and Ryabinin, 2005). However, since the postnatal development of these peptides has not been extensively studied, it remains unknown whether these peptides may play a role in responses to stress and addictive drugs during infant and juvenile stages of ontogeny.
The goal of the current study is to characterize the postnatal developmental expression profile of Ucn 1 with a focus on pIIIu and compare it to CART with the use of immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
Section snippets
Results
Brightfield immunohistochemistry revealed that Ucn 1-positive cells in the B6 mice were completely absent at PND 1, and only one of three mice showed Ucn 1-ir in the pIIIu at PND 4. Furthermore, no additional Ucn 1-ir was observed in the slices stained laterally from the midline at PND 1 or PND 4. At PND 8, Ucn 1-ir was present in pIIIu of all mice examined and had increased 3.2 fold from levels at PND 4. Another 2.4 fold increase was observed at PND 12, with mature cell counts leveling off at
Discussion
Our study for the first time established an ontogenetic postnatal profile of Ucn 1 and CART in the perioculomotor region of the midbrain. The developmental profile of these peptides was investigated simultaneously to compare the timing of their appearance. We observed the absence of Ucn 1-ir in pIIIu in B6 mice at birth and the progressive development of Ucn 1 peptide and mRNA in these mice through infancy until adulthood. We also did not observe Ucn 1-ir in any other brain region in the slices
Subjects
Breeding pairs were established from C57BL/6J (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME), and neonatal mice were collected on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24. Adult mice were collected at PND 45. Throughout the course of the study, mouse chow and water was available ad libitum. All animal procedures were in accordance with the Oregon Health and Science University and the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.
Preparation of tissue for immunohistochemistry
For PND 1, PND 4, and PND 8
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Biliana Veleva, BS, for technical assistance. This research was supported by NIH grants AA016647 (INIA Consortium Grant) and AA013738, and the Multidisciplinary Training Grant in Neuroscience, 5T32NS007466.
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