Modulation of blood pressure, lipid profiles and redox status in hypertensive patients taking different edible oils

doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.12.009

Clinica Chimica Acta

Volume 355, Issues 1–2, May 2005, Pages 97-104

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cccn.2004.12.009 Get rights and content

Abstract

Background

Free oxygen radicals and insufficiency of antioxidants have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We determined the effect of edible oils on blood pressure, lipid profiles and redox status in hypertensive patients given antihypertensive therapy (nifedipine–calcium channel blocker).

Methods

530 patients medicated with nifedipine were divided into 3 groups (356 patients–sesame oil; 87 patients–sunflower oil; 47 patients–groundnut oil) and the control group (n=40) received only the drug, nifedipine. The respective oils were supplied to the patients and instructed to use as the only edible oil for 60 days, which comes to 35 g of oil/day/person. Blood pressure, lipid profiles [total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG)], lipid peroxidation [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)], enzymatic [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GP×)] and nonenzymatic [(vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and reduced glutathione (GSH)] in blood were measured at baseline and after 60 days of oil substitution.

Results

Patients with nifedipine alone or with respective oils had significantly lowered blood pressure. TC, LDL-C and TG decreased while HDL-C elevated in sesame and sunflower oil groups. Increases of HDL-C and TG were noted in groundnut oil group. TBARS levels reduced in all the groups whereas the reduction was remarkable in sesame oil group. Activities of SOD elevated in the 3 oil groups whereas GP× and CAT increased only in sesame oil group. Levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and GSH increased in sesame oil group whereas vitamin E and β-carotene were elevated only in sunflower and groundnut oil groups. GSH increased in drug control group also.

Conclusion

Among the 3 oils, sesame oil offers better protection over blood pressure, lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation and increases enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.

Introduction

Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular ailments in India and worldwide. Elevated blood pressure is one of the most important and easily remediable factors for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure and death [1]. The risk of hypertension increases progressively with increased oxidative stress [2], [3]. Oxidative stress, the imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension [4].

Natural antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids show protective function against hypertension [5]. The fatty acid composition of dietary fat is a key determinant of membrane fatty acid composition. A number of cellular functions including the activity of membrane-bound enzymes, transporters and hormone binding mechanisms may be dependent upon the type of fat in diet [6]. Earlier studies reported that polyunsaturated fatty acid rich diet reduces blood pressure and improves antioxidants' status in rats [7]. Several studies have been conducted on the biological activities of sesamin in sesame oil, and it was noted that sesamin inhibits lipid metabolism, such as desaturation in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis [8] and cholesterol absorption [9]. Vitamin E treatment was found to lower blood pressure and increase membrane fluidity in rats [10]. Supplementation of vitamin E reduces blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients and had caused a remarkable decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure [11]. Sesame, sunflower and groundnut oils contain varying amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E and are largely consumed in South India. In this study, we have compared the effects of sesame, sunflower and groundnut oils on blood pressure, lipid profiles and redox status in hypertensive patients who were on treatment with nifedipine, an antihypertensive drug.

Section snippets

Chemicals

Biochemicals were analytical grade and obtained from Sigma, Ranbaxy and Merck.

Subjects

The study group consisted of 530 middle aged, mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients who were on treatment with nifedipine (20–30 mg/day), a calcium channel blocker as an antihypertensive medication. The patients were selected from Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital and Prof. Maniarasan Memorial Poly Clinic, Chidambaram, a taluk headquarters of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. The criteria for inclusion

Results

Table 1 shows the levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at baseline, nifedipine alone (drug control) or with sesame or sunflower or groundnut oil. Patients with nifedipine alone or with respective oils had significantly lowered blood pressure when compared with baseline. Among the oil groups, the reduction of blood pressure was more pronounced in sesame oil group.

Table 2 shows the levels of plasma lipid profiles at baseline, nifedipine alone or with sesame or sunflower or groundnut

Discussion

Patients with nifedipine alone or with respective oils had significantly lowered blood pressure when compared with baseline. Among the oil groups, the reduction of blood pressure was more pronounced in sesame oil group. Replacement of sunflower oil reduced blood pressure next to sesame oil followed by groundnut oil. The conspicuous reduction of blood pressure to normal upon substitution of sesame oil could be due to sesamin. Studies previously demonstrated the antihypertensive effect of

Conclusion

Among the 3 oils, sesame oil offers better protection over blood pressure, lipid profiles and lipid peroxidation by increasing enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Though vitamin E and β-carotene increased in sunflower oil we could not find any difference in blood pressure or lipid peroxidation when compared with nifedipine control. In spite of decreased lipid peroxidation and increased SOD activity and vitamin E, β-carotene and GSH levels in groundnut oil group the blood pressure did not

Acknowledgement

We acknowledge V.V.V. & Sons, Virudhunagar, India for the supply of Idhayam Gingelly oil. Financial grant as a Major Research Project from UGC (University Grants Commission), New Delhi, India is also acknowledged.

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Modulation of blood pressure, lipid profiles and redox status in hypertensive patients taking different edible oils

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Introduction

Section snippets

Chemicals

Subjects

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

J. Nutr.

J. Lipid Res.

J. Biol. Chem.

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

Thromb. Res.

J. Nutr.

J. Lipid Res.

Metabolism

Am. J. Hypertens

The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI)

Arch. Intern. Med.

Superoxide dismutase reduces permeability and edema induced by hypertension in rats

Am. J. Physiol.

Decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased superoxide anion production in cardiac hypertrophy of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Clin. Exp. Hypertens.

Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases

J. Hypertens.

Interaction(s) between nutrients, essential fatty acids, eicosanoids, free radicals, nitric-oxide, antioxidants and endothelium and their relationship to human essential hypertension

Med. Sci. Res.

Dietary fat: exogenous determination of membrane structure and cell function

FASEB J.

Sesamin is a potent and specific inhibitor of delta 5 desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis

Lipids

Vitamin E, membrane fluidity, and blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive rats

Life Sci.

Vitamin E can reduce blood pressure in mild hypertensives

Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res.

Reagent for the enzymatic determination of serum total cholesterol with improved lipolytic efficiency

Clin. Chem.