Psychosocial impairment and treatment utilization by patients with borderline personality disorder, other personality disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, and a healthy comparison group
Introduction
Impairment in psychosocial functioning is a generic requirement for assigning psychiatric diagnoses and is considered an integral aspect of diagnosing personality disorders (PDs). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) [1] states that symptoms must cause “clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning” to make a psychiatric diagnosis. A few studies have examined psychosocial functioning in PDs relative to other psychiatric disorders, and even fewer have examined whether specific areas of impairment differ between personality disorder groups, particularly between groups with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and other PD diagnoses or healthy controls. In particular, it remains unknown whether there are areas of psychosocial impairment specific to PD or whether impaired functioning is similar to that observed for other psychiatric disorders, relative to psychiatrically healthy controls.
Research suggests that patients with any PD are more functionally impaired than those without a PD [2]. Recent research has documented that individuals with BPD exhibit considerable functional impairment in relation to other diagnoses. A controlled comparison of functional impairment in patients with PDs revealed that individuals with BPD have greater impairment than individuals with other PD diagnoses [3], and substantially greater impairment than patients with major depressive disorder without coexisting PD [4]. Other research suggests that schizoid, antisocial, histrionic, and avoidant along with borderline PDs predict lower functioning even when controlling for axis I disorders [5]. Psychosocial impairment, particularly with social relationships, also seems relatively stable over time [6] Research has also examined the impact that PD diagnoses have on psychiatric and medical treatment utilization. Previous studies on individuals with PD diagnoses demonstrated that BPD individuals differ in usage of outpatient, inpatient, and psychopharmacologic treatments when compared to other PD groups [7], [8] and when compared to major depression groups without PD [9]. Patients with BPD also receive more psychotropic medications when compared to all other non-PD diagnostic groups [10], [11]. Such findings, which require replication, would be further enhanced by comparisons to a broader axis I psychiatric diagnosis group as well as to a nonpsychiatric, healthy group.
Although research has differentiated impairment in BPD patients relative to other PDs and to major depression, research has not examined the clinical significance of dysfunction between these groups when compared to a healthy group. A healthy comparison group is advantageous in providing a context for specific psychosocial impairment while elucidating areas of general psychosocial impairment. A psychiatric comparison group composed of mood and anxiety disorders would extend previous investigations comparing patients with PDs to patients with major depression [4], [9]. The inclusion of a variety of anxiety and mood disorders would accurately reflect the increased rates of comorbidity of these disorders in patients with BPD [12], [13] and would expand upon understanding of the specific psychosocial impairments present in patients with PDs above and beyond patients with a variety of mood or anxiety disorders (MADs). The identification of specific areas of impaired functioning may be useful in providing areas for focused evaluation, intervention, and distinguishing the profile of impairment of PDs distinct from affective or anxiety disorder groups without personality pathology.
This study compared psychosocial functioning and treatment utilization in 4 groups: individuals diagnosed with BPD, individuals diagnosed with 1 or more non-BPD personality disorder diagnosis (OPD), individuals diagnosed with a current MAD with no PD diagnosis, and a group of healthy individuals with no PD diagnoses and no current or recent MAD (healthy control).
Section snippets
Methods
Participants were respondents to broad media advertisements posted in newspapers, online, and on public notice boards for men and women between the age of 18 and 50 to participate in studies on personality, emotion, and mood being conducted at a medical school in an urban setting. Participants were excluded from participation if there were psychiatric contraindications (eg, acute psychosis or a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis indicative of thought disorder) or mental status issues (eg,
Demography
Table 1 summarizes the differences in demographic characteristics of the study groups. Logistic regression analyses were used to test the likelihood that groups differed in marital status, educational attainment, and employment status. Odds ratios with 99% CIs were calculated comparing each of the study groups to the healthy comparison group. As summarized in Table 1, logistic regression analyses revealed no significant differences between groups in these demographic features.
Psychosocial functioning
Table 2 summarizes
Discussion
This study examined psychosocial functioning and treatment utilization in 4 groups: individuals diagnosed with BPD, individuals diagnosed with 1 or more OPD, individuals diagnosed with a current MAD with no PD diagnosis, and a group of healthy individuals with no current psychiatric diagnoses. Although several studies have documented functional impairment in patients with PDs compared to patients with axis I disorders, none have documented the clinical impairment of these groups in relation to
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation (McGlashan, Grilo, Sanislow) and NIH grants MH50850 (McGlashan, Grilo, Sanislow, Ansell), MH073708 (Sanislow), and MH01654 (McGlashan).
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