Current Biology
Volume 18, Issue 7, 8 April 2008, Pages 545-549
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Evidence for Degeneration of the Y Chromosome in the Dioecious Plant Silene latifolia

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Summary

The human Y—probably because of its nonrecombining nature—has lost 97% of its genes since X and Y chromosomes started to diverge 1, 2. There are clear signs of degeneration in the Drosophila miranda neoY chromosome (an autosome fused to the Y chromosome), with neoY genes showing faster protein evolution 3, 4, 5, 6, accumulation of unpreferred codons [6], more insertions of transposable elements 5, 7, and lower levels of expression [8] than neoX genes. In the many other taxa with sex chromosomes, Y degeneration has hardly been studied. In plants, many genes are expressed in pollen [9], and strong pollen selection may oppose the degeneration of plant Y chromosomes [10]. Silene latifolia is a dioecious plant with young heteromorphic sex chromosomes 11, 12. Here we test whether the S. latifolia Y chromosome is undergoing genetic degeneration by analyzing seven sex-linked genes. S. latifolia Y-linked genes tend to evolve faster at the protein level than their X-linked homologs, and they have lower expression levels. Several Y gene introns have increased in length, with evidence for transposable-element accumulation. We detect signs of degeneration in most of the Y-linked gene sequences analyzed, similar to those of animal Y-linked and neo-Y chromosome genes.

EVO_ECOL

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Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.