Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature
Section snippets
Background
Environmental conditions have been extensively explored as contributing factors in promoting health disparities (Lee, 2002, Sexton, 2000). It is widely accepted that racial/ethnic minority neighborhoods are disproportionately affected by increased rates of morbidity, mortality and adverse health outcomes (Cubbin et al., 2001, Deaton and Lubotsky, 2003). These disparities are believed to be associated with factors, including residential segregation, poverty and neighborhood deprivation (Gee and
Methods
The articles included in this review were identified from January 2008 to January 2010 by two mechanisms: keyword searches in the PubMed, Agricola, Anthropology, Environmental Studies, Geography, Public Affairs, and Sociology databases, and by reviewing the references of the articles identified from these databases. Combinations of the keywords “food desert” and “food access” were used to identify relevant articles. Only articles written in English were included in the review. No constraints
Results
The 31 selected articles represent a variety of work that has been done in the U.S. related to food access. Nine measures have been used to assess food access. For example, articles that used business directories/lists include yellow pages, business addresses on food stores, food store data including consumer spending, geographic location and store openings and closings. The food use inventory included in the review was used to assess food used within the home (regardless if eaten at home or
Major findings in the literature
Results of the review of the literature produced 31 empirical studies that focus on food deserts in the U.S. It is worthwhile to note that most of the research in this area has focused on exploring racial/ethnic and income disparities within food deserts. This can partly be attributed to increased attention focusing on reducing and eliminating health disparities, including racial/ethnic and income disparities. Four major statements emerged from summarizing the research findings of the included
Discussion
This review focused on food desert literature in the US. The specific focus on food deserts opposed to including articles pertaining to areas that have supermarkets, or food oases, was to highlight the issues surrounding poor access to healthy and nutritious foods characteristic of food deserts. Furthermore, the focus allowed for better understanding of the challenges in obtaining healthy and affordable foods faced by residents of these areas. This review highlights measures traditionally used
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