Anti-triatomine saliva immunoassays for the evaluation of impregnated netting trials against Chagas disease transmission

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.02.001

International Journal for Parasitology

Volume 41, Issue 6, May 2011, Pages 591-594

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.02.001 Get rights and content

Abstract

Insecticide-impregnated nets can kill triatomine bugs, but it remains unclear whether they can protect against Chagas disease transmission. In a field trial in Quequeña, Peru, sentinel guinea pigs placed in intervention enclosures covered by deltamethrin-treated nets showed significantly lower antibody responses to saliva of Triatoma infestans compared with animals placed in pre-existing control enclosures. Our results strongly suggest that insecticide-treated nets prevent triatomine bites and can thereby protect against infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Anti-salivary immunoassays are powerful new tools to evaluate intervention strategies against Chagas disease.

Graphical abstract

Highlights

► We examined the effect of impregnated nets on exposure of guinea pigs to triatomine. ► We analysed antibody responses of guinea pigs to vector saliva. ► Five control animals showed strong immune reactions to T. infestans saliva. ► No animals under insecticide-impregnated nets reacted strongly to T. infestans saliva.

Section snippets

Acknowledgements

We thank the community of Quequeña for their participation. We especially thank Rocio Rodriguez, Amparo Toledo and the sprayers and field collectors who worked on the study. We also thank Gregory Martin, Jeffrey Stancil, David Bentzel, Ellen Dotson, Robert Wirtz, Lucy Rubio, Gena Lawrence, Karina Oppe and Fernando Malaga for assistance and support. The authors thank Torben Frandsen for fabrication and donation of the guinea pig PermaNets, and Jesus Valenzuela for his advice and support. We

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Cited by (13)

Epidemiological Applications of Assessing Mosquito Exposure in a Malaria-Endemic Area
2017, Arthropod Vector: Controller of Disease Transmission, Volume 2 Vector Saliva-Host-Pathogen Interactions
The study of human–vector immune relationships could provide several avenues for the control of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. This chapter describes the epidemiological relationships of antisaliva antibody responses and blood-feeding arthropod density that gave birth to the concept of salivary biomarkers of human exposure to Anopheles bites. Approaches, techniques, and methods used to develop and validate specific candidate-biomarkers of exposure to Anopheles mosquito bites are highlighted with a focus on their potential applications in malaria-endemic areas. Development of this salivary biomarker into a rapid diagnostic test, such as a malaria rapid diagnostic test, will enable rapid and easy detection in finger prick blood of human antibodies to Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary peptide. Such an assay will allow operational research (identification of populations at risk of malaria, survey of area for malaria elimination, evaluation of vector control strategies) by national malaria control programs for better control of malaria.
Heterogeneous infectiousness in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi
2016, Parasitology International
Guinea pigs are important reservoirs of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative parasite of Chagas disease, and in the Southern Cone of South America, transmission is mediated mainly by the vector Triatoma infestans. Interestingly, colonies of Triatoma infestans captured from guinea pig corrals sporadically have infection prevalence rates above 80%. Such high values are not consistent with the relatively short 7–8 week parasitemic period that has been reported for guinea pigs in the literature. We experimentally measured the infectious periods of a group of T. cruzi-infected guinea pigs by performing xenodiagnosis and direct microscopy each week for one year. Another group of infected guinea pigs received only direct microscopy to control for the effect that inoculation by triatomine saliva may have on parasitemia in the host. We observed infectious periods longer than those previously reported in a number of guinea pigs from both the xenodiagnosis and control groups. While some guinea pigs were infectious for a short time, other “super-shedders” were parasitemic up to 22 weeks after infection, and/or positive by xenodiagnosis for a year after infection. This heterogeneity in infectiousness has strong implications for T. cruzi transmission dynamics and control, as super-shedder guinea pigs may play a disproportionate role in pathogen spread.
The Anopheles gambiae cE5 salivary protein: A sensitive biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in malaria vector control
2015, Microbes and Infection
Citation Excerpt :
More specifically, as far as malaria is concerned, it should be pointed out that IgG Ab response to Anopheles saliva or salivary gland extracts has been shown to represent an effective biomarker of human exposure to bites of malaria vectors [23–26]. In addition, such epidemiological indicator has also been used to evaluate the efficacy of both bed nets and other vector control strategies [27–30]. In spite of being a potentially very useful tool, the use of saliva or salivary extracts has several limitations.
Evaluation of vector control is crucial for improving malaria containment and, according to World Health Organization, new complementary indicators would be very valuable. In this study the IgG response to the Anopheles-specific cE5 salivary protein was tested as a tool to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in reducing human exposure to malaria vectors. Sera collected during a longitudinal study carried out in Angola, and including entomological and parasitological data, were used to assess the IgG response to the Anopheles gambiae cE5 in both children and adults, before and after the application of insecticide-treated nets. Seasonal fluctuation of specific IgG antibody levels according to exposure was only found in children (up to ≈14 years old) whose anti-cE5 IgG response dropped after bed nets installation. These results were fully consistent with previous findings obtained with the same set of sera and indicating a substantial reduction of human-vector contact shortly after nets implementation. Overall, children IgG response to the cE5 protein appeared a very sensitive biomarker, which allowed for the detection of even weak exposure to Anopheles bites, indicating it may represent a reliable additional tool to evaluate the efficacy of vector control interventions.
First insights into the cattle serological response to tsetse salivary antigens: A promising direct biomarker of exposure to tsetse bites
2013, Veterinary Parasitology
Citation Excerpt :
The host antibody response induced by the saliva of blood sucking arthropods has provided new perspectives to evaluate host-vector contacts and specific anti-salivary immunoassays are now more and more widely used in epidemiological studies to assess the disease risk or the impact of vector control measures (Fontaine et al., 2011). An example is given by two recent studies performed to assess the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in a malaria hypo-endemic transmission area (Drame et al., 2010) and of vector control interventions against Chagas disease (Schwarz et al., 2011). The aim of this study was to evaluate if the cattle IgG responses directed against Glossina whole salivary antigens could serve as a biomarker of exposure to tsetse flies and to study its main characteristics in terms of kinetics, sensitivity and specificity by both field based and experimental approaches.
In the context of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign, the value of tsetse saliva antibodies as a biomarker of cattle exposure to tsetse flies was evaluated, as this could provide an alternative and complementary tool to conventional entomological methods. Serum immune reactivity to Glossina (G.) palpalis (p.) gambiensis, G. tachinoides and G. morsitans (m.) submorsitans whole saliva extracts (WSE) were monitored in cattle from both tsetse free and tsetse infested areas, and in cows experimentally exposed to tsetse flies and other hematophagous arthropods. In the tsetse infested area, cattle IgG responses to Glossina WSE were significantly higher during the dry season (p < 0.0001) when herds are most exposed to tsetse flies and in infected animals (p = 0.01) as expected in the case of a biomarker of exposure. Experimental studies further confirmed this as a quick rise of specific IgGs was observed in animals exposed to tsetse flies (within weeks), followed by a rapid clearance after exposure was stopped. In contrast to the two other tsetse species, G. m. submorsitans WSE enabled to detect exposure to all tsetse species and were associated with low level of cross-reactivity to other blood sucking arthropods. Finally, IgG responses to G. m. submorsitans salivary antigens enabled to distinguish different groups of cows according to exposure levels, thus indicating that tsetse saliva antibodies are not only indicators of tsetse exposure but also are correlated to the intensity of tsetse contacts (p = 0.0031). Implementation of this new sero-epidemiological marker of cattle exposure to tsetse flies in the framework of tsetse elimination campaigns is discussed.
Demographic patterns of human antibody levels to Simulium damnosum s.l. saliva in onchocerciasis-endemic areas: An indicator of exposure to vector bites
2022, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
Distribution of triatomine species in domestic and peridomestic environments in central coastal Ecuador
2017, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

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International Journal for Parasitology

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Highlights

Section snippets

Acknowledgements

References (17)

Triapsin, an unusual activatable serine protease from the saliva of the hematophagous vector of Chagas disease Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.

The Innovative Vector Control Consortium: improved control of mosquito-borne diseases

Trends Parasitol.

The use of microhaematocrit tubes for the rapid diagnosis of Chagas disease and malaria

Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.

Evaluation of the antibody response to Anopheles salivary antigens as a potential marker of risk of malaria

Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.

The future of Chagas disease control

Trends Parasitol.

Antibody responses of domestic animals to salivary antigens of Triatoma infestans as biomarkers for low-level infestation of triatomines

Int. J. Parasitol.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with Trypanosoma cruzi excreted–secreted antigens (TESA-ELISA) for serodiagnosis of acute and chronic Chagas’ disease

Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.

Origin of the “Y strain” of Trypanosoma cruzi

Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo

Cited by (13)

Epidemiological Applications of Assessing Mosquito Exposure in a Malaria-Endemic Area

Heterogeneous infectiousness in guinea pigs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi

The Anopheles gambiae cE5 salivary protein: A sensitive biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in malaria vector control

First insights into the cattle serological response to tsetse salivary antigens: A promising direct biomarker of exposure to tsetse bites

Demographic patterns of human antibody levels to Simulium damnosum s.l. saliva in onchocerciasis-endemic areas: An indicator of exposure to vector bites

Distribution of triatomine species in domestic and peridomestic environments in central coastal Ecuador

Rapid CommunicationAnti-triatomine saliva immunoassays for the evaluation of impregnated netting trials against Chagas disease transmission

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Highlights

Section snippets

Acknowledgements

Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.

Trends Parasitol.

Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.

Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.

Trends Parasitol.

Int. J. Parasitol.

Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.

Origin of the “Y strain” of Trypanosoma cruzi

Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo

Rapid Communication
Anti-triatomine saliva immunoassays for the evaluation of impregnated netting trials against Chagas disease transmission