Research reportDeterminants of subjective quality of life in depressed patients: The role of self-esteem, response styles, and social support
Introduction
Health related subjective quality of life (QOL) is conceptualized as a generic, multidimensional construct that describes an individual's subjective perception of his or her physical health, psychological health, social functioning, environment, and general life quality (e.g., WHOQOL Group, 1998, Bullinger, 2003). In recent years, this concept has been increasingly accepted as an important outcome measure in patients with somatic and mental illnesses (Demyttenaere et al., 2002).
Within the mental health field, research has shown that subjective QOL is particularly poor in depressed patients. Respective evidence comes from community studies (Goldney et al., 2000) as well as from studies in primary care (Ormel et al., 1999) and specialized mental health settings (Atkinson et al., 1997, Kuehner, 2002). Furthermore, subjective QOL of patients with depressive disorders has been found to be equally low or even lower than that of patients with major chronic medical conditions (Hays et al., 1995, Bonicatto et al., 2001). In this context, subjective QOL has also been linked to depression severity (Koivumaa-Honkanen et al., 2001, Lasalvia et al., 2002, Pyne et al., 2003). This is particularly true for QOL dimensions that resemble diagnostic criteria for depressive symptoms and impairments, pointing to the problem of a partial overlap between the constructs (Kuehner, 2002). However, there is general agreement that subjective QOL may be regarded as a multifactorially determined construct that is not redundant with self-rated depression (Skevington and Wright, 2001, Demyttenaere et al., 2002, Kuehner, 2002).
Interestingly, little attention has been directed toward other factors that might contribute to the subjective QOL of depressed patients apart from symptom severity. For example, while it has been shown that psychosocial factors partly determine the perceived QOL in psychiatric patients, respective research has hitherto mainly focused on schizophrenic or diagnostically heterogeneous samples (Ruggeri et al., 2001, Ritsner et al., 2000, Ritsner et al., 2003, Bechdolf et al., 2003, Gureje et al., 2004).
Both self-esteem and a ruminative coping style with depressed mood have been found to be related to the onset and maintenance of clinical depression (Ezquiaga et al., 1999, Hoffmann et al., 2003, Pelkonen et al., 2003, Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000, Kuehner and Weber, 1999), but little or no work has been done to eludicate their protective or deleterious role for the subjective QOL in depressed patients. From a general health perspective, self-esteem is assumed to be crucial to mental and social well-being by influencing aspirations, personal goals, and interaction with others (Mann et al., 2004). High self-esteem is also seen as a protective factor in depression by helping vulnerable individuals to cope with the psychological consequences of the disorder (Aro, 1994). Similarly, a ruminative tendency to cope with depressed mood is assumed to impact psychological well-being (Nolen-Hoeksema and Rusting, 1999) as well as complex interpersonal problem solving (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998). In fact, recent research has shown that rumination is linked to interpersonal problems (Nolen-Hoeksema and Davis, 1999, Lam et al., 2003).
Aim of the present paper was to assess the subjective QOL of patients suffering from unipolar depression in relation to their clinical remission status at discharge from inpatient treatment. A second aim was to assess the contribution of self-related cognitive constructs such as self-esteem and response styles to depressed mood, as well as of social support, on various dimensions of subjective QOL in these patients.
Specifically, we hypothesized that self-esteem and response styles to cope with depressed mood would predominantly contribute to the psychological and social relations domains of subjective QOL. We also predicted an association between the presence of an intimate partnership and of social support network sizes of families and friends with subjective QOL in the psychological and social relationship domains (cf. Miller et al., 1992, Keitner et al., 1995, Hirschfeld et al., 1998, Holahan et al., 2004). Other QOL domains, such as physical health and environmental aspects, were assumed to be less influenced by the assessed self-related constructs and social support characteristics.
In this context, we were particularly interested in determining the relative or ‘net’ impact of the respective predictors. Accordingly, we employed a strict hierarchical approach that controlled for demographic, clinical history, and symptom-related variables assumed to have an impact on subjective QOL outcomes.
Section snippets
Design
Unipolar depressed patients aged 18–70 were recruited consecutively into the study before discharge from inpatient treatment at the Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany. Diagnostic inclusion criteria were a hospital diagnosis of unipolar depression (single or recurrent, F32, F33) or dysthymia (F34.1) according to ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1992). General exclusion criteria were past or current organic and non-affective psychotic disorders and substance dependence. The
Reliability of measures
In this study, the internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha) of the MADRS scale and of the response styles and self-esteem measures were satisfactorily high (MADRS: α = 0.85; RSQ rumination: α = 0.87; RSQ distraction: α = 0.82; self-esteem: α = 0.81).
The internal consistencies of the WHOQOL-BREF domains were acceptably high except for the social relations domain (physical domain: α = 0.84; psychological domain: α = 0.85; social relations: α = 0.51; environment: α = 0.76; overall QOL: α = 0.78). Cronbach's alpha
Discussion
Consistent with previous research (Koivumaa-Honkanen et al., 2001, Lasalvia et al., 2002, Kuehner, 2002, Papakostas et al., 2004), this study revealed that many aspects of quality of life in depressed patients are connected to the current severity of illness. After discharge from inpatient treatment, non-remitted patients reported poorer QOL than fully and partly remitted patients in most domains, and symptom severity substantially affected all areas of subjective QOL. However, the closeness of
Acknowledgement
The research reported in this paper is supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, KU1646/1-1).
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