Original articleParsing the Associations Between Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine and Offspring Psychopathology in a Nonreferred Sample
Section snippets
Subjects
Subjects were siblings of both genders derived from two identically designed, longitudinal case-control family studies conducted at the Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). Detailed study methodology has been previously reported [24], [25]. Briefly, these studies included male and female youth probands with and without ADHD and their first-degree relatives (hereafter referred to as the Boys and Girls ADHD study,
Demographic characteristics
Among the 577 siblings available for study, 34 (6%) were excluded because of missing maternal smoking during pregnancy data. Another seven subjects were excluded because of missing data on other covariates. Thus, the final sibling sample used for this study was 536. Of the sample, 21% (n = 115) was exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. The demographic characteristics of this sample, stratified by maternal smoking during pregnancy exposure, are presented in Table 1. As shown, there were
Discussion
In a large, nonreferred sample of siblings of ADHD and non-ADHD probands of both genders, we found that maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a significantly increased risk for ADHD independently of CD. These results confirm and extend previous findings [1], [2], [3]. These findings also extend our previous work [5] by expanding the sample to include nonreferred siblings of probands with and without ADHD and by incorporating more stringent statistical control for potential
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by a grant from USPHS (NICHD), grant 5RO1 HD-36317-07 (to J.B.), and a grant from USPHS (NICHD), 5RO1 HD-36317-07 (to J.B.).
References (36)
- et al.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychopathology in offspring followed to adulthood
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1999) - et al.
Case-control study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and maternal smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(2002) - et al.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychopathology in offspring followed to adulthood
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1999) - et al.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk to boys' conduct disturbance: An examination of the causal hypothesis
Biol Psychiatry
(2003) - et al.
Is childhood oppositional defiant disorder a precursor to adolescent conduct disorder? Findings from a four-year follow-up study of children with ADHD
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(1996) - et al.
Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, part I
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(2000) - et al.
Prenatal smoking exposure, low birth weight, and disruptive behavior disorders
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
(2007) - et al.
Psychopathology in females with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A controlled, five-year prospective study
Biol Psychiatry
(2006) - et al.
Attention-deficit disorder and conduct disorder in girls: Evidence for a familial subtype
Biol Psychiatry
(2000) - et al.
Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: Review of the current evidence
Am J Psychiatry
(2003)
Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Acta Pediatr
Maternal smoking during pregnancy as an environmental risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder behaviour. A review
Minerva Pediatr
Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children?
Am J Psychiatry
Further evidence of an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Findings from a high-risk sample of siblings
J Clin Child Psychol
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric adjustment in late adolescence
Arch Gen Psychiatry
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and severe antisocial behavior in offspring: A review
Am J Public Health
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of conduct disorder in boys
Arch Gen Psychiatry
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk for offspring overt and covert conduct disorder symptoms: A longitudinal study
J Child Psychol Psychiatry
Cited by (23)
Prenatal nicotine exposure in mice induces sex-dependent anxiety-like behavior, cognitive deficits, hyperactivity, and changes in the expression of glutamate receptor associated-genes in the prefrontal cortex
2020, Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :Deficits in neuropsychological performance have been associated with maternal cigarette smoking during gestation in clinics, with the exposed population displaying higher liability for development of ADHD (Holbrook, 2016), including in studies in which women used nicotine replacement therapies during their pregnancies (Zhu et al., 2014). Notably, clinical studies suggest that this association is independent of the descendant sex (Biederman et al., 2009; Piper and Corbett, 2012). When taken together, the greater cognitive impairment found in the present investigation, using the NMRI PNE model, further support that the clinical observations of an association of gestational nicotine exposure and a higher risk for cognitive impairments later in life could be causal, regardless of offspring sex.
Can laboratory animals violate behavioural norms? Towards a preclinical model of conduct disorder
2018, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Thus, the aforementioned factors were responsible for the exhibition of symptoms during specific age windows. Additional prenatal factors potentially involved in the onset of CD are associated with maternal substance abuse (Barker et al., 2011; Blair, 2013) and smoking during pregnancy (Biederman et al., 2009). Just as the aetiology of CD awaits further clinical and experimental clarification, so also current therapeutic approaches may benefit from additional experimental input as their efficacy is yet to be unequivocally determined (Loy et al., 2012; Pappadopulos et al., 2003; Schur et al., 2003).
Pregnancy risk factors in relation to oppositional-defiant and conduct disorder symptoms in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
2018, Journal of Psychiatric ResearchCitation Excerpt :Maternal smoking during pregnancy was linked with higher offspring CD symptom scores, whereas we did not find a link with offspring ODD symptoms. Associations between pregnancy smoking and a CD diagnosis have mostly been reported in smaller clinical samples (Biederman et al., 2009; Wakschlag et al., 1997), while in larger general population samples, such as ALSPAC, maternal smoking during pregnancy has mostly been linked to behavioral questionnaire ratings (Brion et al., 2010; Hutchinson et al., 2010; Murray et al., 2015), which often screen for both ODD and CD (Goodman, 2001). The fact that we found specific effects only for CD and not ODD symptoms emphasizes the importance to consider these behavioral disorder dimensions separately and to also adjust for comorbid disruptive symptomatology including ADHD.
Smoking Cessation Strategies in Pregnancy
2015, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology CanadaCitation Excerpt :Compared with non-smokers, smokers have twice the risk of ectopic pregnancy,7 miscarriage,7,8 placental abruption,9 stillbirth,10 and childhood obesity in their offspring,11 and three times the risk of placenta previa,12 preterm birth,7,13 and having a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A follow-up study of children exposed to smoking in utero, conducted at the age of 14, demonstrated more defiant, aggressive behaviour, social problems, withdrawal, and anxious or depressed symptoms.14–17 Compared to non-smokers, the infants of smokers have four times the risk of sudden infant death syndrome; the risk increases to eight times if the mother smokes more than 20 cigarettes per day.10,18,19
Impaired auditory discrimination learning following perinatal nicotine exposure or β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit deletion
2012, Behavioural Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :In addition to deleterious effects on maternal health, smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of morbidity, mortality, and impaired growth in the offspring, both pre- and post-natally [2]. The offspring of pregnant smokers are also at elevated risk of diagnosis for various psychiatric disorders during childhood, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [3–7]. This suggests that tobacco exposure during gestation can alter processes during neurodevelopment and have persistent consequences for the offspring.