ReviewNutritional aspects of manganese homeostasis
Section snippets
The essentiality of manganese
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal that is found in all tissues and is required for normal amino acid, lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism. Mn-dependent enzyme families include oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Manganese metalloenzymes include arginase, glutamine synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate decarboxylase, and Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). Mn is involved in the function of numerous organ systems. It is needed for normal immune
The concentration ranges, means and variation of manganese in various foods and infant formulas
Diet represents the major source of human Mn intake. In the general population, enteral intake of this essential metal is <5 mg Mn/kg (with a range of 0.9–10 mg Mn/day; Agency for Toxic Substances and Drug Registry, 2000). Major sources of dietary Mn include grain, rice, and nuts (∼30 mg Mn/kg). Another source rich in Mn content is tea (with Mn levels of 0.4–1.3 mg/cup; Agency for Toxic Substances and Drug Registry, 2000). Dietary supplements are also fortified with Mn, and some contain levels as
The absorption, distribution, and elimination of oral manganese
Approximately 1–5% of ingested Mn is normally absorbed (Davis et al., 1993). In adults the net gastrointestinal absorption (mean ± SD) of radiolabeled 54Mn from a meal containing 1 mg Mn is 1.35 ± 0.51 and 3.55 ± 2.11% for adult men and women, respectively (Finley et al., 1994). The mean (±SD) retention 10 days after ingestion of 0.3 mg Mn was estimated at 5.0 ± 3.1% in young adult women (Davidsson et al., 1988). Gender differences for Mn absorption have been noted, men absorbing significantly less Mn
Factors that raise a theoretical concern that neonates receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) are exposed to excessive dietary manganese
It is very common for premature or critically ill infants to be nourished parenterally. Parenteral nutrition solutions contain variable quantities of Mn as a contaminant (Kurkus et al., 1984, Hambidge et al., 1989, Wilson et al., 1992). Wilson et al. (1992) reported that the Mn content of TPN solutions in the absence of trace element supplementation was 7.3 μg/l (range 5.6–8.9 μg/l; Table 2).
It is standard clinical practice to supplement infants receiving parenteral nutrition with a neonatal
Acknowledgement
This review was supported in part by funds from the National Institute of Environmental Health and Safety (NIEHS) ES 10563 to MA.
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