FTIR study of Ni, Cu and Zn substituted nano-particles of MgFe2O4
Introduction
Nano-Ferrites of M0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4 (M = Ni,Cu,Zn) have technological importance as they can play a role in the miniaturization process of several microwave components [1], [2], [3]. It has been known in literature [4], [5], [6] that the substitution of Magnesium in the bulk ferrites enabled a substantial modification of electrical and magnetic properties. Nano-ferrites with Magnesium substitution, synthesized using sol-gel method, are studied in the present work. The Sol-gel method of preparing nanoferrite has many significant advantages such as good stoichiometric control and for the production of ultra fine particle with narrow size distribution in relatively short processing time at lower temperature [7], [8], [9], [10]. Consequently the difference in nature of cation and its distribution in spinel as well as ionic states of the metal ions in A- and B-sites when studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Infrared spectra (FTIR) would provide a meaningful correlation of their structure and effective changes in the environs of ions.
Section snippets
Synthesis
A set of ferrites M0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4 (M = Ni, Cu, Zn) is synthesized using sol-gel (auto-combustion) method. The required amount of metal nitrates and citric acid are taken so as to have a molar ratio of 1 : 1 and dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water. A required amount of ammonia is added into the solution in order to adjust the pH value to about 7 since base catalysts are employed in order to speed up the reaction. Sol so formed is poured in a silica crucible and heated at 135 °C under constant
XRD study
XRD patterns of sol-gel route-wise synthesized materials are shown in Fig. 1. The existence of a peak around the diffraction angle (2θ) equal to 35° corresponding to (311) plane confirms the formation of spinel ferrites. A careful analysis of XRD patterns helps to determine their respective planes and face centered cubic structure of these ferrites. Well resolved peaks in XRD pattern clearly indicate the single phase and polycrystalline nature of the samples. The values of lattice constant are
Conclusion
A close scrutiny of the vibration band frequencies of end member ferrites namely Ni ferrite (660 and 587 cm− 1), Fe3O4 (640 and 590 cm− 1), Zn ferrite (660 and 550 cm−1) and Cu ferrite (620 and 565 cm− 1) [20] and Mg ferrite (565 and 406 cm− 1) [21] with the data in Table 3 shows the shift in the position of the bands. Legitimately it is caused by the change of the environment of ions in the tetrahedral and octahedral sites viz., Table 1 shows the difference in constitution of ions in the
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