Original articleRisk factors for incident age-related macular degeneration: Pooled findings from 3 continents☆
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The BDES is a population-based survey of vision and common eye diseases and included persons 43 to 86 years old living in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin at the time of the baseline examination.18 Of those invited, 4926 (83.2%) provided informed consent and participated in the first examination conducted from 1988 to 1990. Of these, 3684 additionally participated in a 5-year follow-up examination completed in 1993 to 1995. Details of the examination and photographic procedures have appeared elsewhere and
Results
In the 3 studies, 38 (0.4%), 67 (0.7%), and 102 (1.1%) persons developed geographic atrophy, neovascular AMD, and late AMD, respectively. Three of the persons who developed neovascular AMD had geographic atrophy at baseline. The distributions of the risk factors for each study and pooled appear in Table 1. Except for gender and diabetes status, distributions significantly differed between studies for all risk factors.
Table 2presents crude incidence rates of geographic atrophy, neovascular AMD,
Discussion
We combined data from the BMES, BDES, and RS and examined relationships between a variety of risk factors and the incidence of late AMD and its associated lesions. Significant relationships were found between smoking and incident geographic atrophy and late AMD and serum total cholesterol level and incident geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD. Previously, we reported from the baseline phase of the same 3 studies that, apart from age, smoking was the only factor found to be associated with
References (37)
- et al.
Bilateral macular drusen in age-related macular degeneration. Prognosis and risk factors
Ophthalmology
(1994) - et al.
Choroidal neovascularization in second eyes of patients with unilateral exudative age-related macular degeneration
Ophthalmology
(1995) - et al.
Age-related macular degeneration histopathologic studies. The 1992 Lorenz E. Zimmerman lecture
Ophthalmology
(1993) - et al.
Histologic features of the early stages of age-related macular degeneration. A statistical analysis
Ophthalmology
(1992) - et al.
Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study
Ophthalmology
(2002) - et al.
Five-year incidence of age-related maculopathy lesionsthe Blue Mountains Eye Study
Ophthalmology
(2002) - et al.
Risk factors for age-related macular degenerationpooled findings from three continents
Ophthalmology
(2001) - et al.
The five-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathythe Beaver Dam Eye Study
Ophthalmology
(1997) - et al.
The Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System
Ophthalmology
(1991) - et al.
Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Ophthalmology
(1996)
Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Ophthalmology
An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International Age-Related Maculopathy Epidemiological Study Group
Surv Ophthalmol
Early age-related maculopathy in the Cardiovascular Health Study
Ophthalmology
Vision Problems in the U.S.: Prevalence of Adult Vision Impairment and Age-Related Eye Disease in America
The Framingham Eye Study monographan ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973-1975
Surv Ophthalmol
The relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract, and glaucoma to visual acuity
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
Natural course in fellow eyes of patients with unilateral age-related exudative maculopathy. A flourescein angiographic 4-year follow-up of 45 patients
Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)
Second eye involvement in age-related macular degenerationa four-year prospective study
Eye
Cited by (522)
Evolution and Advances in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments
2023, Advances in Ophthalmology and OptometryAssociation between glycemic status and age-related macular degeneration: A nationwide population-based cohort study
2023, Diabetes and MetabolismDisparities in Vision Health and Eye Care
2022, OphthalmologyRanibizumab reimbursement and treatment patterns for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Taiwan – Results from the 12-month, observational RENOWNED study
2022, Journal of the Formosan Medical AssociationGut microbiota and age-related macular degeneration: A growing partnership
2022, Survey of OphthalmologyResveratrol and quercetin protect from Benzo(a)pyrene-induced autophagy in retinal pigment epithelial cells
2024, International Ophthalmology
- ☆
Manuscript no. 230391.
This research is supported by the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (grant no.: EY06594 [BDM]) (RK, BEKK); the Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia, Surry Hills, Australia, and the National Health & Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia (grant nos.: 975159, 211069); and, in part, by Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, New York (RK, Senior Scientific Investigator Award), the Optimix Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and the OOG Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands.