Original ArticleCigarette Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the EUREYE Study
Section snippets
Materials and Methods
Methods have been described in detail elsewhere.10 Briefly, a population sample older than 65 years was drawn in each of the 7 centers: Bergen (Norway), Tallinn (Estonia), Belfast (United Kingdom), Paris–Créteil (France), Verona (Italy), Thessaloniki (Greece), and Alicante (Spain). People who were institutionalized, such as those living in nursing or residential homes, were included in the sample. A potential study participant was considered ineligible if the forms were returned specifying that
Results
Data were complete for 4752 study participants (45% response rate) from the 7 locations. A detailed report on participant demographics, participation rate, and prevalence of ARM and AMD is presented elsewhere.14 Two people had missing smoking data. Overall, just over half of all EUREYE Study participants (2260) were never smokers, and under a fifth (675) were current smokers. No significant interactions were found between country and association with smoking, for early ARM, type of AMD, or
Discussion
Results from the EUREYE Study regarding the association between AMD and current smoking history are highly consistent with those previously reported from other population-based studies (Table 5).5, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Our estimates for ex-smoking are also of the same order of magnitude as those in other studies, although all studies show greater variability in the estimates for ex-smoking, probably because (as shown in the EUREYE Study) the association varies according to the time
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Manuscript no. 2006-225.
Financial support: European Commission Vth Framework, Brussels, Belgium (contract no. QLK6-CT-1999-02094). Additional funding for cameras was provided by the Macular Disease Society, Andover, United Kingdom. Prof Rahu was financed by the Ministry of Education and Science, Tallinn, Estonia (target funding no. 01921112s02). Additional funding in Alicante was received from the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain (grant nos. FIS 01/1692E, RCESP C 03/09), and Oficina de Ciencia y Tecnologia Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain (grant no. CTGCA/2002/06). European Eye investigator meetings were supported by travel grants from Novartis, Basel, Switzerland, and Pfizer Inc., New York, New York.