Epidemiological approach to aquatic animal health management: opportunities and challenges for developing countries to increase aquatic production through aquaculture
Section snippets
Aquaculture as a global source of nutritious food
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world. A great proportion (over 90%) of this production comes from the developing world. In contrast to terrestrial farming systems, where the bulk of global production is based on a limited number of animal and plant species, the aquaculture sector comprises of over 230 different species. This large number of species cultivated reflects the diversity of the sector, particularly the wide variety of candidate species cultivated and
Diseases and health as a constraint to aquaculture production
Although production of aquatic food through aquaculture is the fastest growing food-production sector in the world, diseases are a primary constraint to the growth of the aquaculture sector in many parts of the world. A multitude of factors has contributed to the health problems currently faced by aquaculture. Over the past three decades, aquaculture has expanded, intensified, and diversified, based heavily on movements of live aquatic animals and animal products (broodstock, seed, and feed).
Epidemiological approach to aquatic health management
Controlling aquatic animal disease can be problematic due to many factors. These include the great diversity of species cultured, the range and complexity of environments used, the nature of containment, the intensity of practice, the type of management and the variety of diseases affecting aquatic animals. Profitability in aquaculture production can be affected even by small percentage decreases in production especially when large number of animals are involved.
One of the most effective
Experiences with small-scale shrimp aquaculture
Shrimp farming is an important economic activity in India. An initiative on shrimp disease control was started in 2000 by the marine products export development authority (MPEDA), ministry of commerce and industry, Government of India with technical assistance from the network of aquaculture centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA). The initiative has made significant progress and contributed to knowledge of avenues for reducing losses in shrimp aquaculture. As follow-up to this initiative, Andhra
Study design, demonstration and implementation
During 2002, demonstrations were conducted in few selected private farms which involved on-farm testing of BMPs developed in 2001, and monitoring and evaluation to understand benefits and constraints, and to widely disseminate information on risk management strategies to farmers. Improved pond level risk management practices led to improvements in both profits and productivity and in demonstration farms, returns shifted from a loss in 80% of ponds in 2001 to a profit in 80% of ponds in 2002.
Shrimp health management and epidemiology
Shrimp health management practices, including risk assessment and management were incorporated into the BMPs developed in consultation with local farmers. The BMPs included three main management strategies: (a) pond bottom preparation and water management prior to stocking; (b) seed selection and stocking; (c) post stocking management. The simple BMPs used during the study are given below:
- (a)
pond bottom preparation and water management prior to stocking:
- •
sludge removal and disposal away from the
- •
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to acknowledge MPEDA and NACA for providing permission to use the experimental data. Special appreciation goes to Mr. Arun Padiyar, Dr. Michael Phillips, Mr. Mongkhon Primphon, Dr. C.V. Mohan, Mr. Vishnu Bhat, Mr V.S. VS Rao and Mr. G. Ravi for their untiring work which lead to success of this study.
References (15)
- et al.
A brief overview of disease problems in the culture of marine finfishes in east and southeast Asia, pp. 9–31
- Bondad-Reantaso, M.G., 2004. Trans-boundary aquatic animal diseases/pathogens, pp. 9–22. In: Arthur, J.R.,...
- Cameron, A., 2002. Survey Toolbox for Aquatic Animal Diseases. A Practical Manual and Software Package. ACIAR Monograph...
- et al.
Risk factors associated with white spot syndrome virus infection in a Vietnamese rice-shrimp farming system
Dis. Aquat. Org.
(2001) - Israngkura, A., Sae-Hae, S., 2002. A review of the economic impacts of aquatic animal diseases, pp. 253–286. In:...
- et al.
Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Technical Handbook
(1998) - et al.
Usefulness of dead shrimp specimens in studying the epidemiology of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and chronic bacterial infection
Dis. Aquat. Org.
(2002)
Cited by (116)
Growth performance, fatty acid profile, gut, and muscle histo-morphology of Malaysian mahseer, Tor tambroides post larvae fed short-term host associated probiotics
2024, Aquaculture and FisheriesCitation Excerpt :Aquaculture is rapidly expanding in many countries and the exponential growth trend for this industry will continue for the sake of global food security due to forecasted decrease in open water fisheries production (Cabello, 2006; Froehlich et al., 2018). Large scale aquaculture face issues in health management like stress, disease, and environmental degradation which affect production and cause huge economic loses in aquaculture (Scarfe & Palić, 2020; Subasinghe, 2005). In this context, antibiotics and disinfectants have commonly been used to control disease outbreaks in fish farming (Fečkaninová et al., 2017).
Applications of nanochitosan in the detection and control of aquatic diseases
2023, Next Generation Nanochitosan: Applications in Animal Husbandry, Aquaculture and Food ConservationΒeta-glucan stimulation induces trained immunity markers in common carp, Cyprinus carpio
2022, Fish and Shellfish ImmunologyAn overview of the Brazilian frog farming
2022, Aquaculture