Trends in Parasitology
OpinionMosquitocidal vaccines: a neglected addition to malaria and dengue control strategies
Section snippets
Vaccines against bloodfeeding arthropods
The concept of vaccines against bloodfeeding arthropods gained prominence with the successful demonstration of anti-tick immunity in cattle that were immunized with a recombinant protein, Bm86 1, 2. Boophilus microplus ticks that fed on vaccinated cattle exhibited reduced fecundity and survival. Bm86, which is marketed as TickGARDPLUS, has proven to be robust in the field [3] and maintains effectiveness over several tick generations. Since the immunization of hosts with mosquito antigens in
Mosquitocidal vaccines: pros and cons
There are strong arguments in favor of immune control of vectors in general and mosquitoes in particular. Vector control is by far the most successful method for reducing the incidences of diseases such as malaria and dengue, but the emergence of widespread insecticide resistance and the potential environmental issues associated with some insecticides (such as DDT) indicate that additional approaches to control the vector are needed. An ‘immune insecticide’ would target biting mosquitoes much
A brief history of mosquitocidal vaccines
Most attempts at developing mosquitocidal vaccines have taken the approach of repeatedly immunizing vertebrate hosts with homogenates of various tissues, which leads to reductions in survival, fecundity and pathogen transmission in numerous mosquito species 9, 10, 11, 12, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43. However, because of the heterogeneity of homogenates that cause variable host immunity, these approaches have probably been pursued to the limits of their usefulness (for reviews, see Refs 6, 19
Antigen discovery
With the deciphering of the An. gambiae and Aedes aegypti genomes, more targeted pathways to antigen discovery are now possible. Ideal antigens would be crucial to the vector, exposed to immune factors from the bloodmeal, susceptible to immune attack and of low abundance. The mosquito midgut remains the best tissue to target because it stores, diureses, digests and absorbs the bloodmeal; it is an essential part of the immune and neuroendocrine systems of the insect [49]; and it is in intimate
Concluding remarks
Current data strongly indicate that targeting mosquitoes with vaccine-type approaches can work. The commercial success of Bm86 as an anti-tick vaccine, along with new molecular techniques, offers encouragement to continue with the approach, but there are important obstacles to success. Not least of these is gaining acceptance from vector and pathogen research communities that the approach has proven merit, and fostering the field alongside more tried-and-tested areas of vector-borne disease
Acknowledgements
P.F.B. was funded by the European Commission during the work leading up to this article; the views presented here are those of the author, not of Sanaria Inc. B.D.F. acknowledges support on this paper from National Institutes of Health (NIH) contract N01 AI25489, and J.L.R. was funded by the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and the NIH.
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