Will Nanotechnology Influence Targeted Cancer Therapy?
Section snippets
Properties of Nanoparticles
Interestingly, a range of properties displayed by nanosized materials differs significantly from their mesoscale relatives made of the same materials. These include mechanical, thermal, optical, mechanical, and catalytic properties. This is of importance because a large portion of the universe of biological activities that proceeds at the level of the cell surface in glomerular filtration, protein and DNA synthesis, modification and degradation, or hepatic clearance occurs at the nanoscale.
Enhanced Permeability and Retention
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect describes the relative and passive accumulation of macromolecules inside of tumors. This is generally explained by the presence of the high permeability of the tumor vasculature in combination with compromised lymphatic drainage, which allows the accumulation and subsequent retention of macromolecules. Consequently, in such areas (mostly tumors and inflamed or infarcted tissues), large molecules and particles ranging from 10 to 500 nm in size
Toxicity Issues
The safety of nanoparticles is attracting the attention of the Food and Drug Administration and also the public and especially the EPA, which is starting to look into the regulation of nanotechnology. As nanotechnology progresses to commercialization and more widespread applications, it is likely that nanomaterials and nanoproducts will be released into the environment, potentially causing harm to the public. It is conceivable that hazards introduced by nanoparticles are different from those
Conclusions
Will nanotechnology influence targeted cancer therapy? In this review, we focused on nanoparticles and discussed that these particles can be applied to fit the requirements and needs for individual applications. By choosing the right size, shape, coating, and charge as well as targeting moiety (Fig. 7), the fate of the particles in the body can be well predicted. Nonspecific targeting of the particles can already be achieved via the EPR effect and can be made more efficient by using targeting
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2017, Current Opinion in BiotechnologyCitation Excerpt :However, the diversity and flexibility of nanoparticles enables both passive and active targeting. For passive targeting of nanoparticles in cancer, the EPR effect is exploited [3]. The EPR effect is responsible for the accumulation and retention of particles in the interstitial space due to the leaky nature of the tumor neovasculature and the lack of effective lymphatic drainage; the mechanics are similar to size exclusion chromatography.
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2013, Biotechnology AdvancesCitation Excerpt :Recently in the area of ‘theranostics’, NP have shown a great potential to be used as multi-modal tools with functionality as both a contrast agent for imaging and a therapeutic agent for treatment of infectious microorganisms and cancerous tissue (Lee and Li, 2011). Although the therapeutic functionality can take the form of attached cytotoxic drugs that are released from the NP (Janib et al., 2010) or therapeutic radioisotopes (Grimm and Scheinberg, 2011), many groups have constructed a light-activated modality into their multi-functional NP that is either photothermal or photodynamic (or even both at the same time). This property of multi-functionality is one of the areas where the concepts of nanotechnology will be critical in further progress.
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DAS is a consultant to Encyse Pharmaceuticals, a nanotechnology company.