Trends in Plant Science
Calcium/calmodulin-mediated signal network in plants
Section snippets
Calmodulin, a conserved Ca2+ receptor with a flexible conformation
CaM is a small acidic protein present in all eukaryotes that have been tested 7, 9, 17. The prototype of vertebrate CaM has 148 amino acids with pI 3.92. Alignment of CaM amino acid sequences indicates a high degree of conservation between animals and plants (>70% identity). The four EF-hand Ca2+-binding domains occur in pairs embedded within two separate globular regions in the N- and C-terminal regions separated by a flexible central helix that forms the hallmark dumbbell-shaped structure [17]
Plant calmodulin: a multigene family with functional redundancy?
There are only a few CaM genes encoding for one or a few isoforms in animals. By contrast, each plant possesses a repertoire of multiple CaM and CaM-like genes that encode for several CaM isoforms 7, 9. Note that there are no criteria for classifying CaM and CaM-like proteins. Here, we refer to those proteins with four EF-hands, ∼148 amino acids and >50% identity to vertebrate CaM as CaM, and refer to others as CaM-like proteins. As indicated earlier, Arabidopsis has 11 CaM genes encoding for
Number of CaM target proteins identified is booming
CaM has no catalytic activity of its own. Its regulatory activities are manifested by its ability to modulate a certain set of enzymes. Thus, it is crucial to isolate and to characterize the CaM-binding proteins to understand the role of the Ca2+/CaM-mediated network. In the past decade, molecular approaches such as protein–protein interaction screening have provided a powerful tool to isolate CaM-binding proteins. Identification of novel CaM-binding proteins has also been accelerated as a
Conclusions and outlook
In recent years, calcium signaling has received a great deal of attention because of the realization that it is involved in many aspects of plant biology, including biotic and abiotic stress responses. A decade ago, there was a perception that Ca2+/CaM-mediated signaling in plants and animals might be similar because CaM is a remarkably conserved Ca2+ sensor. This is true in that the concentration of the messenger, Ca2+, changes in response to stimuli, and it is also true that CaM shares a
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the support of the United States Department of Agriculture (2002-00741), the National Science Foundation (MCB 0082256), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAG-10-0061).
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