Short communicationThe relationship between equine and human West Nile virus disease occurrence
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Acknowledgement
Dawn Hesalroad, Texas Department of State Health Services Zoonoses Control Branch is thanked for assistance in database management and processing.
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Breaking the chain of zoonoses through biosecurity in livestock
2017, VaccineCitation Excerpt :Interestingly, the number of WNV humans cases declined in the US from 2003 following the availability of the equine WNV vaccine [65]. Although it is difficult to determine if this is a causal relationship, it has been demonstrated that human infections can be directly linked to equine infections [66]. The recent outbreak of human WNV infection in Greece emphasizes the need for new primary prevention strategies to limit the spread and occurrence of WNV outbreaks in the future [25].
West Nile viral infection of equids
2013, Veterinary MicrobiologyCitation Excerpt :Licensure of a killed WNV vaccine in late 2002 (Ng et al., 2003) resulted in a dramatic reduction in the subsequent number of equine encephalitis cases reported in 2003 despite the large increase in human cases that year (United States Department of Agriculture, 2012), indicating the efficacy of equine vaccination. In some instances in Europe, equine cases have been observed without substantial human disease being reported, such as in Tuscany, Italy (1998) (Autorino et al., 2002) and Camargue (Pantheir et al., 1966), France (2000); however, in North America equine and human cases have demonstrated similar incidence patterns, both before and after widespread vaccination of horses (Ward and Scheurmann, 2008). Since 2010, WNV infections among horses repeatedly were reported in the Mediterranean basin and other European countries, namely in Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Morocco, Portugal, Romania and Spain (Barros et al., 2011; Garcia-Bocanegra et al., 2011; OIE, 2012).
Spreading of West Nile virus infection in Croatia
2012, Veterinary MicrobiologyCitation Excerpt :Chickens and horses are commonly used as sentinel animals (Seidowski et al., 2010; Angelini et al., 2010). Because of their relatively high susceptibility to WNV infection (Castillo-Olivares and Wood, 2004), reports of equine cases might potentially provide early warning of corresponding WNV transmission in human population (Ward and Scheurmann, 2008; Laperriere et al., 2011). In the last decade many serological surveys have included cattle.
European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe
2022, Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineMapping the Risk for West Nile Virus Transmission, Africa
2022, Emerging Infectious Diseases