Association between a healthy lifestyle and general obesity and abdominal obesity in an elderly population at high cardiovascular risk☆
Research highlights
► To explore the relationship between a healthy lifestyle and the risk of obesity. ► To explore the relationship between lifestyle and the risk of abdominal obesity. ► We report an inverse linear trend between healthy lifestyle factors and obesity. ► We report an inverse linear trend between lifestyle factors and abdominal obesity.
Introduction
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with a deep negative impact on public health (World Health Organization, 2006). Several epidemiological studies have associated obesity with the incidence of multiple co-morbidities such as type-2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer (Guh et al., 2009), and also with increased cardiovascular mortality (Flegal et al., 2007) and all-cause mortality (Adams et al., 2006). Fat distribution, not only total body fat, has a significant impact on the development of obesity comorbidities and it is considered as a better predictor of disease than body mass index (BMI) (Canoy et al., 2007, Heber, 2010, Lee et al., 2008). Nevertheless, presently it is accepted that both general and abdominal adiposity, measured by the BMI and waist circumference (WC), respectively, are associated with the risk of various chronic diseases and total mortality (Pischon et al., 2008).
Changes in dietary patterns and other lifestyle factors have been held responsible for the obesogenic environment of modern industrialized societies (Heber, 2010). Epidemiological studies have established an association between BMI or body fat distribution and modifiable lifestyle factors, such as dietary habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity and smoking (Atlantis et al., 2008, Koh-Banerjee et al., 2003, Lahti-Koski et al., 2002, Leite and Nicolosi, 2006, Ong et al., 2009, Romaguera et al., 2010, Travier et al., 2009, Wilsgaard et al., 2005). However, in these studies all lifestyle factors were individually associated with obesity and/or abdominal obesity, while their potential combined effects were not assessed. We hypothesized that evaluating the combined effect of these healthier lifestyle factors could provide useful information to better understand the interplay of diet and lifestyle factors. It has previously been reported that the combination of various lifestyle factors is associated with lower rates of mortality (Khaw et al., 2008, Knoops et al., 2004, Kvaavik et al., 2010), stroke (Myint et al., 2009) and colorectal cancer (Kirkegaard et al., 2010), but the role of the combined impact of favorable lifestyle factors on obesity and body fat distribution is less well-documented. To our knowledge, only one cross-sectional study conducted in the Framingham cohort evaluated the effect of the combination of healthy lifestyle factors on adiposity (Molenaar et al., 2009), but its authors did not include the diet item in the lifestyle pattern that they defined.
The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between compliance with a healthy lifestyle pattern (HLP) and the odds of prevalent general obesity or abdominal obesity in a cross-sectional analysis of an elderly population at high cardiovascular risk living in a Mediterranean country. We also assessed how each of these lifestyle factors that made up the HLP-score was associated with obesity prevalence.
Section snippets
Subjects
The present study was conducted within the frame of the PREDIMED Study, a large, parallel-group, multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial aiming to assess the effects of two traditional Mediterranean Diets (MedD) enriched with nuts or virgin olive oil compared to a low-fat (control) diet on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The design and methods of the PREDIMED trial have been reported elsewhere (Estruch et al., 2006, Martínez-González et al., 2010). Briefly,
Results
Of the 7447 PREDIMED participants, 31 were excluded from the present study because of incomplete data. 216 subjects were also excluded because their age or BMI was out of predefined ranges for inclusion in the study. Thus the total sample considered for the cross-sectional general obesity analysis was 7200 subjects. Because baseline WC measurements were missing in 200 subjects, only 7000 subjects entered the abdominal obesity cross-sectional analyses.
Table 1 shows baseline characteristics of
Discussion
The results of this cross-sectional study of an elderly Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk show that a healthy lifestyle (defined as a MedD pattern, moderate alcohol consumption, daily physical activity and nonsmoking) is inversely and linearly associated with a lower prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity. These results concur with those recently reported from the Framingham cohort using the Recommended Dietary Guidelines for Americans as an index of a healthy
Conclusion
In summary, the present study shows that a Mediterranean-type diet, moderate alcohol consumption, daily physical activity and nonsmoking, all of which are easily modifiable lifestyle habits, are associated with a lower prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity. Although longitudinal analysis regarding the benefits of a healthier lifestyle on incidence of general obesity and abdominal obesity should be conducted in the future, our findings are relevant to the design of public health
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the participants of the PREDIMED study. This project has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias) projects PI051839, PI070240, PI070954, G03/140, RD06/0045 FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional). CIBERobn is an initiative of Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. None of the funding sources played a role in the experimental design, the collection, analysis or interpretation of data, the writing of the
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Cited by (0)
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International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 35739639.
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On behalf of the PREDIMED Study Investigators.