UrologyGender dysphoria and XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia: how frequent is it? Is male-sex rearing a good idea?
Section snippets
We made an analytic descriptive, non-systematic literature review
The terms “(congenital adrenal hyperplasia) AND gender”, “(XX) AND (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) AND (male gender)” and “(congenital adrenal hyperplasia) AND (gender dysphoria)” were used to find papers thorough PUBMED. The abstracts were then reviewed after eliminating duplications. Papers were then selected to be read in toto.
The review extended for 30 years (from January 1988–April 2018). Reviews, editorials and opinion papers were rejected. Due to the specificities of the literature on
Results
After our initial research, 1770 papers were retrieved; 56 papers were selected to be read in toto after review of the abstracts, exclusions and elimination of duplicates. References of the papers were checked in order to find other related papers. After reading of the papers, the analytical review was based on data obtained from 28 articles. Most papers did not detail the methodologies used to diagnose and treat GD, but specialized professionals (psychologists, psychiatrists, sexual
Discussion
We opted to review the last 30 years, based on the recent modifications of the societal views about gender rights, consequences of FG [26] and new techniques of genital reconstruction [27], [28]. The last review about GD related to CAH was published in 2005 [29], and results about male raising were reviewed in 2010 by Lee and Houk [30]. Considering the limitations in the literature, it was not possible to perform a systematic review. This made us opt for an analytic review. Our research
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2022, SexologiesCitation Excerpt :CAH has been utilized as a model for testing hormonal hypotheses related to the influence of early androgen exposure on behaviors exhibiting sex-related variability, in particular psychosexual differentiation (i.e., gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation) and sex differences in neurocognitive function. Although the rate at which females with CAH experience gender dysphoria is significantly higher than in the general population (de Jesus et al., 2019), the large majority of females with CAH reared as girls develop a feminine gender identity and do not express feelings of gender dysphoria (Dessens et al., 2005). With regard to gender role (i.e., behaviors that differ in frequency or level between males and females that are promoted by social learning), affected girls prefer toys and activities characterized as male-typical (Berenbaum and Hines, 1992; Berenbaum and Snyder, 1995), are more likely to report the use of physical aggression in conflict situations (Berenbaum and Resnick, 1997), and are less interested in marriage, motherhood, and physical appearance (Dittmann et al., 1990) than unaffected girls.
Commentary to ‘Majority of females with a life-long experience of CAH and parents do not consider females with CAH to be intersex’
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