Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-7qhmt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-27T09:19:48.831Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on reproduction: disease, vertical transmission, diagnostics and vaccination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2011

D. M. Madson*
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011, USA
T. Opriessnig
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011, USA
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: madson@iastate.edu

Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes great economic losses in growing pigs and there are several reviews on disease manifestations and lesions associated with PCV2 in growing pigs. Reproductive failure in breeding herds, predominately associated with increased numbers of mummies and non-viable piglets at parturition, is one of the disease manifestations of PCV2 infection. Boars shed low amounts of infectious PCV2 in semen for extended time periods, and vertical transmission of PCV2 to fetuses during PCV2 viremia of the dam has been experimentally confirmed. However, intrauterine-infected piglets often are clinically normal. Nevertheless, pigs infected with PCV2 by the intrauterine route can be born viremic, possibly contributing to horizontal spread of PCV2 within the breeding herd and into the nursery. Shedding of PCV2 in semen and prevalence of intrauterine-infected piglets can both be greatly reduced by PCV2 vaccination well ahead of expected PCV2 exposure. This review is a discussion on current knowledge on the effects of PCV2 infection in the dam and in in utero fetuses, including clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis and prevention through vaccination. Infection of boars with PCV2, the potential for PCV2 transmission via semen and prevention of PCV2 shedding are also discussed.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allan, GM and Ellis, JA (2000). Porcine circoviruses: a review. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12: 314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allan, GM, McNeilly, F, McNair, I, Meehan, B, Marshall, M, Ellis, J, Lasagna, C, Boriosi, G, Krakowka, S, Reynaud, G, Boeuf-Tedeschi, L, Bublot, M and Charreyre, C (2002). Passive transfer of maternal antibodies to PCV2 protects against development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS): experimental infections and a field study. The Pig Journal 50: 5967.Google Scholar
Almond, GW, Flowers, WL, Batista, L and D'Allaire, S (2006). Diseases of the reproductive system. In: Straw, BE, Zimmerman, JJ, D'Allaire, S and Taylor, DJ (eds) Diseases of Swine, 9th edn. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing Professional, pp. 113148.Google Scholar
Bane, DP, James, JE, Gradil, CM and Molitor, TW (1990). In vitro exposure of preimplantation porcine embryos to porcine parvovirus. Theriogenology 33: 553561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bech, AB and Kunstmann, L (2008). Effect of sow vaccination with Circovac ® on the performances of 3 Danish herds in Northern Jutland (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 109.Google Scholar
Bielanski, A, Larochelle, R, Algire, J and Magar, R (2004a). Distribution of PCV-2 DNA in the reproductive tract, oocytes and embryos of PCV-2 antibody-positive pigs. Veterinary Record 155: 597598.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bielanski, A, Larochelle, R and Magar, R (2004b). An attempt to render oocytes and embryos free from the porcine circovirus type 2 after experimental in vitro exposure. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 68: 222225.Google ScholarPubMed
Bogdan, J, West, K, Clark, E, Konoby, C, Haines, D, Allan, G, McNeilly, F, Meehan, B, Krakowka, S and Ellis, JA (2001). Association of porcine circovirus 2 with reproductive failure in pigs: a retrospective study, 1995–1998. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42: 548550.Google ScholarPubMed
Brunborg, IM, Jonassen, CM, Moldal, T, Bratberg, B, Lium, B, Koenen, F and Schonheit, J (2007). Association of myocarditis with high viral load of porcine circovirus type 2 in several tissues in cases of fetal death and high mortality in piglets. A case study. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19: 368375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bureau, M, Dea, S and Sirard, MA (2005). Evaluation of virus decontamination techniques for porcine embryos produced in vitro. Theriogenology 63: 23432355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calsamiglia, M, Fraile, L, Espinal, A, Cuxart, A, Seminati, C, Martin, M, Mateu, E, Domingo, M and Segalés, J (2007). Sow porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) status effect on litter mortality in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Research in Veterinary Science 82: 299304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cariolet, R, Blanchard, P, Le Dimna, M, Mahé, D, Jolly, JP, de Boisséson, C, Truong, C, Ecobichon, P, Madec, F and Jestin, A (2002). Experimental infection of pregnant SPF sows with PCV2 through tracheal and muscular routes (abstr). Proceedings of the International Conference on ssDNA Viruses of Plants, Birds, Pigs and Primates 2: 128.Google Scholar
Chae, C (2004). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome: a review of aetiology, diagnosis and pathology. Veterinary Journal 168: 4149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chae, C (2005). A review of porcine circovirus 2-associated syndromes and diseases. Veterinary Journal 169: 326336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charreyre, C, Bésème, S, Brun, A, Bublot, M, Joisel, F, Lapostolle, B, Sierra, P and Vaganay, A (2005). Protection of piglets against a PCV2 experimental challenge by vaccinating gilts with inactivated adjuvanted PCV2 vaccine. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Animal Circoviruses and Associated Disease. pp. 2630.Google Scholar
Cheung, AK, Lager, KM, Kohutyuk, OI, Vincent, AL, Henry, SC, Baker, RB, Rowland, RR and Dunham, AG (2007). Detection of two porcine circovirus type 2 genotypic groups in United States swine herds. Archives of Virology 152: 10351044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, J, Stevenson, GW, Kiupel, M, Harrach, B, Anothayanontha, L, Kanitz, CL and Mittal, SK (2002). Sequence analysis of old and new strains of porcine circovirus associated with congenital tremors in pigs and their comparison with strains involved with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 66: 217224.Google ScholarPubMed
Ciacci-Zanella, JR, Zanella, EL, Locatelli, ML, Brambatti, JL, Simon, NL and Coldebella, M (2007). Detection of porcine circovirus 2 in semen collected from naturally infected boar studs in Brazil (abstr). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases 5: 94.Google Scholar
Ciacci-Zanella, JR, Zanella, EL, Morés, N, Neide, M, Kelen, A, Giseli, R, Almiro, D and Gava, D (2008). Absence of apoptosis and cellular changes in the reproductive system of boars naturally infected with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 23.Google Scholar
Cottrell, TS, Friendship, RM, Dewey, CE, Allan, G, Walker, I and McNeilly, F (1999). A study investigating epidemiological risk factors for porcine circovirus type II in Ontario. The Pig Journal 44: 1017.Google Scholar
Delisle, C, Delisle, G, Bridoux, N, Thibault, JC, Longo, S and Joisel, F (2008). Results of sow vaccination against PCV2 with Circovac in France: improvement of reproduction parameters (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 47.Google Scholar
Dupont, K, Nielsen, EO, Baekbo, P and Larsen, LE (2008). Genomic analysis of PCV2 isolates from Danish archives and a current PMWS case-control study supports a shift in genotypes with time. Veterinary Microbiology 128: 5664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, J, Hassard, L, Clark, E, Harding, J, Allan, G, Willson, P, Strokappe, J, Martin, K, McNeilly, F, Meehan, B, Todd, D and Haines, D (1998). Isolation of circovirus from lesions of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Canadian Veterinary Journal 39: 4451.Google ScholarPubMed
Ellis, J, Krakowka, S, Lairmore, M, Haines, D, Bratanich, A, Clark, E, Allan, G, Konoby, C, Hassard, L, Meehan, B, Martin, K, Harding, J, Kennedy, S and McNeilly, F (1999). Reproduction of lesions of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic piglets. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11: 314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enriquez, K, Quintero, V, Rangel-Rodriguez, IC, Romero, Y, Perez-Razo, MA and Garica-Camacho, LA (2010). Relationship pf histopathology and PCV2 detection in fetal and neonatal myocardium from cases of reproductive failure in sows (abstr). Proceedings of the 21st International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 21: 467.Google Scholar
Erlandson, KR, Connor, J and Groth, DD (2007). Summary of finding from a pilot study on vaccination of mature boars with porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine (abstr). Proceedings of the Allen D. Leman Swine Conference 34: 100101.Google Scholar
Farnham, MW, Choi, YK, Goyal, SM and Joo, HS (2003). Isolation and characterization of porcine circovirus type-2 from sera of stillborn fetuses. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 67: 108113.Google ScholarPubMed
Flowers, WL and Esbenshade, KL (1993). Optimizing management of natural and artificial matings in swine. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement 48: 217228.Google ScholarPubMed
Gagnon, CA, Tremblay, D, Tijssen, P, Venne, MH, Houde, A and Elahi, SM (2007). The emergence of porcine circovirus 2b genotype (PCV-2b) in swine in Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal 48: 811819.Google ScholarPubMed
Gava, D, Zanella, EL, Morés, N and Ciacci-Zanella, JR (2008). Transmission of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) by semen and viral distribution in different piglet tissues. Pesquisa-Veterinaria-Brasileira 28: 7076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, PF, Garrocho, FM, Lana, AM and Lobato, ZI (2011). Serum antibodies and shedding of infectious porcine circovirus 2 into colostrum and milk of vaccinated and unvaccinated naturally infected sows. Veterinary Journal 188: 240242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerrits, RJ, Lunney, JK, Johnson, LA, Pursel, VG, Kraeling, RR, Rohrer, GA and Dobrinsky, JR (2005). Perspectives for artificial insemination and genomics to improve global swine populations. Theriogenology 63: 283299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grasland, B, Blanchard, P, Jan, B, Oger, A, Rose, N, Madec, F, Jestin, A and Cariolet, R (2008). Transmission of porcine circovirus of type 2 (PCV2) with semen (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 56.Google Scholar
Guerin, B and Pozzi, N (2005). Viruses in boar semen: detection and clinical as well as epidemiological consequences regarding disease transmission by artificial insemination. Theriogenology 63: 556572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ha, Y, Ahn, KK, Kim, B, Cho, KD, Lee, BH, Oh, YS, Kim, SH and Chae, C (2009). Evidence of shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 in milk from experimentally infected sows. Research in Veterinary Science 86: 108110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ha, Y, Jung, K and Chae, C (2005). Lack of evidence of porcine circovirus type 1 and type 2 infection in piglets with congenital tremors in Korea. Veterinary Record 156: 383384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ha, Y, Lee, YH, Ahn, KK, Kim, B and Chae, C (2008). Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs by prenatal porcine circovirus 2 infection and postnatal porcine parvovirus infection or immunostimulation. Veterinary Pathology 45: 842848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamel, AL, Lin, LL and Nayar, GP (1998). Nucleotide sequence of porcine circovirus associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. Journal of Virology 72: 52625267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, MS, Hjulsager, CK, Bille-Hansen, V, Haugegaard, S, Dupont, K, Hogedal, P, Kunstmann, L and Larsen, LE (2010). Selection of method is crucial for the diagnosis of porcine circovirus type 2 associated reproductive failures. Veterinary Microbiology 144: 203209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harding, J and Clark, E (1997). Recognizing and diagnosing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Swine Health and Production 5: 201203.Google Scholar
Harding, JD, Done, JT and Darbyshire, JH (1966). Congenital tremors in piglets and their relation to swine fever. Veterinary Record 79: 388390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harding, JD, Done, JT, Harbourne, JF, Randall, CJ and Gilbert, FR (1973). Congenital tremor type A 3 in pigs: an hereditary sex-linked cerebrospinal hypomyelinogenesis. Veterinary Record 92: 527529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harms, PA, Sorden, S, Halbur, PG, Nawagitgul, P, Lager, KM, Bolin, SR and Paul, PS (2002). Role of maternal immunity to PCV2 and PRRSV co-infection in the pathogenesis of PMWS (abstr). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians 33: 307311.Google Scholar
Hassing, AG, Kristensen, CS and Baekbo, P (2003). Effect of sow on the mortality of pigs after weaning (abstr). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases 4: 193.Google Scholar
Hérin, JB, Fily, B, Longo, S and Joisel, F (2007). Field results of the use of Circovac ® a sow PCV2 vaccine in France under provisional license (abstr). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases 5: 125.Google Scholar
Høgedal, P, Ovesen, A, Kunstmann, L, Haugegaard, S and Bille-Hansen, V (2008). Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as a cause of foetal deaths in a newly established herd (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 221.Google Scholar
Horlen, KP, Schneider, P, Anderson, J, Nietfeld, JC, Henry, SC, Tokach, LM and Rowland, RR (2007). A cluster of farms experiencing severe porcine circovirus associated disease: clinical features and association with the PCV2b genotype. Journal of Swine Health and Production 15: 270278.Google Scholar
Janke, BH (2000). Case report: porcine circovirus as a cause of reproductive problems (abstr). Proceedings of the 118th Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Medical Association 118: 101.Google Scholar
Johnson, CS, Joo, HS, Direksin, K, Yoon, KJ and Choi, YK (2002). Experimental in utero inoculation of late-term swine fetuses with porcine circovirus type 2. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14: 507512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joisel, F, Brune, A, Schade, A, Longo, S and Charreyre, C (2007a). Results of the vaccination against PCV2 diseases with Circovac ® in 233 German sow herds: improvement on pig growth and decrease in antibiotic therapy (abstr). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Disease 5: 127.Google Scholar
Joisel, F, Brune, A, Schade, A, Longo, S and Charreyre, C (2007b). Results of the vaccination against PCV2 diseases with Circovac ® in 233 German sow herds: decrease in mortality (abstr). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Disease 5: 126.Google Scholar
Joisel, F, Bune, A, Schade, A, Longo, S and Charreyre, C (2008). Improvement of reproduction performance induced by PCV2 vaccination of sows and gilts with Circovac ® in 277 German sow farms (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 72.Google Scholar
Josephson, G and Charbonneau, G (2001). Case report of reproductive problem in a new startup operation. Swine Health and Production 9: 258259.Google Scholar
Jung, K, Kim, J, Ha, Y, Choi, C and Chae, C (2006). The effects of transplacental porcine circovirus type 2 infection on porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus-induced enteritis in preweaning piglets. Veterinary Journal 171: 445450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, S, Segalés, J, Rovira, A, Scholes, S, Domingo, M, Moffett, D, Meehan, B, O'Neill, R, McNeilly, F and Allan, G (2003). Absence of evidence of porcine circovirus infection in piglets with congenital tremors. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15: 151156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J and Chae, C (2004). A comparison of virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus in experimentally and naturally coinfected pigs. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16: 4550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J, Han, DU, Choi, C and Chae, C (2001). Differentiation of porcine circovirus (PCV)-1 and PCV-2 in boar semen using a multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Virological Methods 98: 2531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J, Han, DU, Choi, C and Chae, C (2003). Simultaneous detection and differentiation between porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus in boar semen by multiplex seminested polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 65: 741744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J, Jung, K and Chae, C (2004). Prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets. Veterinary Record 155: 489492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kunstmann, L and Lau, L (2008). Effect of sow vaccination with Circovac® on the performance of 34 Danish herds (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 75.Google Scholar
Ladekjær-Mikkelsen, AS, Nielsen, J, Storgaard, T, Bøtner, A, Allan, G and McNeilly, F (2001). Transplacental infection with PCV-2 associated with reproductive failure in a gilt. Veterinary Record 148: 759760.Google Scholar
Larochelle, R, Bielanski, A, Muller, P and Magar, R (2000). PCR detection and evidence of shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 in boar semen. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38: 46294632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawton, DE, Morris, RS and King, CM (2004). PMWS in New Zealand part 2: Epidemiological evidence for a novel agent (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 18: 128.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, D, Barbé, F, Atanasova, K and Nauwynck, H (2008). Inoculation of porcine foetuses with different genotypes and doses of PCV2 (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 38.Google Scholar
López-Soria, S, Maldonado, J, Riera, P, Nofrarías, M, Espinal, A, Valero, O, Blanchard, P, Jestin, A, Casal, J, Domingo, M, Artigas, C and Segalés, J (2010). Selected swine viral pathogens in indoor pigs in Spain. Seroprevalence and farm-level characteristics. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 57: 171179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madec, F, Eveno, E, Morvan, P, Hamon, L, Blanchard, P, Cariolet, R, Amenna, N, Morvan, H, Truong, C, Mahé, D, Albina, E and Jestin, A (2000). Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs in France: clinical observations from follow-up studies on affected farms. Livestock Production Science 63: 223233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madec, F, Eveno, E, Morvan, P, Hamon, L, Morvan, H, Albina, E, Truong, C, Hutet, E, Cariolet, R, Arnauld, C and Jestin, A (1999). La maladie de l'amaigrissement du porcelet (MAP) en France 1 – Aspects descriptifs, impact en élevage. [Porcine wasting disease (PWD) in France: 1 – Description of the disease and impact in affected herds]. Journées Recherche en Porcine France 31: 347354.Google Scholar
Madsen, KS (2005). Management of disease control and epidemics in AI in Denmark. Theriogenology 63: 585594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madson, DM, Patterson, AR, Ramamoorthy, S, Pal, N, Meng, XJ and Opriessnig, T (2009a). Effect of natural or vaccine-induced porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) immunity on fetal infection after artificial insemination with PCV2 spiked semen. Theriogenology 72: 747754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madson, DM, Patterson, AR, Ramamoorthy, S, Pal, N, Meng, X and Opriessnig, T (2009b). Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination of the dam on PCV2 replication in utero. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16: 830834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madson, DM, Patterson, AR, Ramamoorthy, S, Pal, N, Meng, XJ and Opriessnig, T (2009c). Reproductive failure experimentally induced in sows via artificial insemination with semen spiked with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Veterinary Pathology 46: 707716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madson, DM, Ramamoorthy, S, Kuster, C, Pal, N, Meng, XJ, Halbur, PG and Opriessnig, T (2009d). Infectivity of porcine circovirus type 2 DNA in semen from experimentally-infected boars. Veterinary Research 40: 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madson, DM, Ramamoorthy, S, Kuster, C, Pal, N, Meng, XJ, Halbur, PG and Opriessnig, T (2008). Characterization of shedding patterns of porcine circovirus types 2a and 2b in experimentally inoculated mature boars. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20: 725734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maes, D, Nauwynck, H, Rijsselaere, T, Mateusen, B, Vyt, P, de Kruif, A and Van Soom, A (2008). Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: an overview. Theriogenology 70: 13371345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magar, R, Müller, P and Larochelle, R (2000). Retrospective serological survey of antibodies to porcine circovirus type 1 and type 2. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 64: 184186.Google ScholarPubMed
Maldonado, J, Segalés, J, Martinez-Puig, D, Calsamiglia, M, Riera, P, Domingo, M and Artigas, C (2005). Identification of viral pathogens in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets from cases of swine reproductive failure in Spain. Veterinary Journal 169: 454456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mare, CJ and Kluge, JP (1974). Pseudorabies virus and myoclonia congenita in pigs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 164: 309310.Google ScholarPubMed
Mateusen, B, Maes, DG, Van Soom, A, Lefebvre, D and Nauwynck, HJ (2007). Effect of a porcine circovirus type 2 infection on embryos during early pregnancy. Theriogenology 68: 896901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mateusen, B, Sanchez, RE, Van Soom, A, Meerts, P, Maes, DG and Nauwynck, HJ (2004). Susceptibility of pig embryos to porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Theriogenology 61: 91101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mauch, C and Bilkei, G (2004). Porcine circovirus (PCV) associated losses in pregnant gilts. The Pig Journal 53: 6974.Google Scholar
McIntosh, KA, Harding, JC, Parker, S, Ellis, JA and Appleyard, GD (2006). Nested polymerase chain reaction detection and duration of porcine circovirus type 2 in semen with sperm morphological analysis from naturally infected boars. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18: 380384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeown, NE, Opriessnig, T, Thomas, P, Guenette, DK, Elvinger, F, Fenaux, M, Halbur, PG and Meng, XJ (2005). Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) maternal antibodies on experimental infection of piglets with PCV2. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12: 13471351.Google ScholarPubMed
Medveczky, I and Szabo, I (1981). Isolation of Aujeszky's disease virus from boar semen. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 29: 2935.Google ScholarPubMed
Meehan, BM, McNeilly, F, McNair, I, Walker, I, Ellis, JA, Krakowka, S and Allan, GM (2001). Isolation and characterization of porcine circovirus 2 from cases of sow abortion and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. Archives of Virology 146: 835842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meehan, BM, McNeilly, F, Todd, D, Kennedy, S, Jewhurst, VA, Ellis, JA, Hassard, LE, Clark, EG, Haines, DM and Allan, GM (1998). Characterization of novel circovirus DNAs associated with wasting syndromes in pigs. Journal of General Virology 79: 21712179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meerts, P, Misinzo, G, McNeilly, F and Nauwynck, HJ (2005). Replication kinetics of different porcine circovirus 2 strains in PK-15 cells, fetal cardiomyocytes and macrophages. Archives of Virology 150: 427441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikami, O, Nakajima, H, Kawashima, K, Yoshii, M and Nakajima, Y (2005). Nonsuppurative myocarditis caused by porcine circovirus type 2 in a weak-born piglet. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 67: 735738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morozov, I, Sirinarumitr, T, Sorden, SD, Halbur, PG, Morgan, MK, Yoon, KJ and Paul, PS (1998). Detection of a novel strain of porcine circovirus in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 25352541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nathues, H, Tegeler, R and Grosse Beilage, E (2010). A retrospective analysis of results from laboratory tests to assess the cause of reproductive failure in sows (abstr). Proceedings of the 21th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 21: 131.Google Scholar
Nawagitgul, P, Harms, PA, Morozov, I, Thacker, BJ, Sorden, SD, Lekcharoensuk, C and Paul, PS (2002). Modified indirect porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2-based and recombinant capsid protein (ORF2)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to PCV. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9: 3340.Google ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, J, Ladekjær-Hansen, AS, Bille-Hansen, V, Lohse, L and Bøtner, A (2004). PCV2-associated disease following intrauterine infection (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 18: 14.Google Scholar
O'Connor, B, Gauvreau, H, West, K, Bogdan, J, Ayroud, M, Clark, EG, Konoby, C, Allan, G and Ellis, JA (2001). Multiple porcine circovirus 2-associated abortions and reproductive failure in a multisite swine production unit. Canadian Veterinary Journal 42: 551553.Google Scholar
Olvera, A, Cortey, M and Segalés, J (2007). Molecular evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 genomes: phylogeny and clonality. Virology 357: 175185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Opriessnig, T, Kuster, C and Halbur, PG (2006). Demonstration of porcine circovirus type 2 in the testes and accessory sex glands of a boar. Journal of Swine Health and Production 14: 4245.Google Scholar
Opriessnig, T, Madson, DM, Shen, HG, Brockmeier, S, Beach, N and Meng, XJ (2010a). PCV2 vaccination prevented clinical PCVAD and reduced PCV2 viremia and semen virus shedding in boars concurrently infected with PCV2b and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (abstr). Proceedings of the 21th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 21: 427.Google Scholar
Opriessnig, T, Meng, XJ and Halbur, PG (2007). Porcine Circovirus Type 2 associated disease: update on current terminology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19: 591615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Opriessnig, T, Patterson, AR, Madson, DM, Pal, N, Ramamoorthy, S, Meng, XJ and Halbur, PG (2010b). Comparison of the effectiveness of passive (dam) versus active (piglet) immunization against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and impact of passively derived PCV2 vaccine-induced immunity on vaccination. Veterinary Microbiology 142: 177183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Opriessnig, T, Patterson, AR, Madson, DM, Pal, N, Rothschild, M, Kuhar, D, Lunney, JK, Juhan, NM, Meng, XJ and Halbur, PG (2009). Difference in severity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-induced pathological lesions between Landrace and Pietrain pigs. Journal of Animal Science 87: 15821590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opriessnig, T, Yu, S, Gallup, JM, Evans, RB, Fenaux, M, Pallares, F, Thacker, EL, Brockus, CW, Ackermann, MR, Thomas, P, Meng, XJ and Halbur, PG (2003). Effect of vaccination with selective bacterins on conventional pigs infected with type 2 porcine circovirus. Veterinary Pathology 40: 521529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Opriessnig, T, Yu, S, Thacker, EL and Halbur, PG (2004). Derivation of porcine circovirus type 2-negative pigs from positive breeding herds. Journal of Swine Health and Production 12: 186191.Google Scholar
Ostanello, F, Caprioli, A, Di, FA, Battilani, M, Sala, G, Sarli, G, Mandrioli, L, McNeilly, F, Allan, GM and Prosperi, S (2005). Experimental infection of 3-week-old conventional colostrum-fed pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus. Veterinary Microbiology 108: 179186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pal, N, Huang, YW, Madson, DM, Kuster, C, Meng, XJ, Halbur, PG and Opriessnig, T (2008). Development and validation of a duplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and quantification of porcine circovirus type 2 and an internal control on porcine semen samples. Journal of Virological Methods 149: 217225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, JS, Ha, Y, Kwon, B, Cho, KD, Lee, BH and Chae, C (2009). Detection of porcine circovirus 2 in mammary and other tissues from experimentally infected sows. Journal of Comparative Pathology 140: 208211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, JS, Kim, J, Ha, Y, Jung, K, Choi, C, Lim, JK, Kim, SH and Chae, C (2005). Birth abnormalities in pregnant sows infected intranasally with porcine circovirus 2. Journal of Comparative Pathology 132: 139144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pensaert, MB, Sanchez, RE Jr, Ladekjær-Mikkelsen, AS, Allan, GM and Nauwynck, HJ (2004). Viremia and effect of fetal infection with porcine viruses with special reference to porcine circovirus 2 infection. Veterinary Microbiology 98: 175183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pescador, CA (2007). Co-infection by porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets in southern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 27: 425429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pittman, JS (2008). Reproductive failure associated with porcine circovirus type 2 in gilts. Journal of Swine Health and Production 16: 144148.Google Scholar
Pogranichniy, RM, Yoon, KJ, Harms, PA, Swenson, SL, Zimmerman, JJ and Sorden, SD (2000). Characterization of immune response of young pigs to porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Viral Immunology 13: 143153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quintero, V, Romero, Y, Enriquez, K and Garica-Camacho, LA (2010). Reproductive failure associated to PCV2 and its distribution in the Mexican Republic (abstr). Proceedings of the 21th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 21: 470.Google Scholar
Reicks, DL, Davies, PR and Rossow, K (2007). Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of PCV2 infection in 4 boar studs (abstr). Proceedings of the Allen D. Leman Swine Conference 34: 104109.Google Scholar
Reicks, DL and Leuwerke, BC (2008). The effect of vaccination to porcine circovirus type 2 on detection in serum, blood swab, and semen (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 14.Google Scholar
Ritterbusch, GA, Sa Rocha, C, Mores, N, Simon, NL and Ciacci-Zanella, JR (2010a). Natural infection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in fetuses from sows with reproductive failure (abstr). Proceedings of the 21th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 21: 468.Google Scholar
Ritterbusch, GA, Sa Rocha, C, Mores, N, Simon, NL, Zanella, EL, Diniz-Mendes, L, Niel, C and Ciacci-Zanella, JR (2010b). Co-infection between porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and genogroups 1 and 2 of porcine torque teno virus (TTV) in fetuses naturally infected by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (abstr). Proceedings of the 21th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 21: 466.Google Scholar
Ritzmann, M, Wilhelm, S, Zimmermann, P, Etschmann, B, Bogner, KH, Selbitz, HJ, Heinritzi, K and Truyen, U (2005). Prevalence and association of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in aborted fetuses, mummified fetuses, stillborn and nonviable neonatal piglets. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 112: 348351.Google ScholarPubMed
Rose, N, Blanchard, P, Cariolet, R, Grasland, B, Amenna, N, Oger, A, Durand, B, Balasch, M, Jestin, A and Madec, F (2007). Vaccination of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-infected sows against porcine parvovirus (PPV) and erysipelas: effect on post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and on PCV2 genome load in the offspring. Journal of Comparative Pathology 136: 133144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, N, Larour, G, Le, DG, Eveno, E, Jolly, JP, Blanchard, P, Oger, A, Le, DM, Jestin, A and Madec, F (2003). Risk factors for porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in 149 French farrow-to-finish herds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 61: 209225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez, RE Jr, Meerts, P, Nauwynck, HJ, Ellis, JA and Pensaert, MB (2004). Characteristics of porcine circovirus-2 replication in lymphoid organs of pigs inoculated in late gestation or postnatally and possible relation to clinical and pathological outcome of infection. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16: 175185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez, RE Jr, Meerts, P, Nauwynck, HJ and Pensaert, MB (2003). Change of porcine circovirus 2 target cells in pigs during development from fetal to early postnatal life. Veterinary Microbiology 95: 1525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez, RE Jr, Nauwynck, HJ, McNeilly, F, Allan, GM and Pensaert, MB (2001). Porcine circovirus 2 infection in swine foetuses inoculated at different stages of gestation. Veterinary Microbiology 83: 169176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanford, SE (2002). PCV-2 related reproductive failure in startup herds (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 17: 171.Google Scholar
Sangild, PT (2003). Uptake of colostral immunoglobulins by the compromised newborn farm animal. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum 98: 105122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmoll, F, Lang, C, Steinrigl, AS, Schulze, K and Kauffold, J (2008). Prevalence of PCV2 in Austrian and German boars and semen used for artificial insemination. Theriogenology 69: 814821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schøning, T, Nielsen, P and Lau, L (2008). Effect of Circovac ® (Merial) on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) sow reproductive failure and mortality: a case report (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 108.Google Scholar
Schultz, RD, Adams, LS, Letchworth, G, Sheffy, BE, Manning, T and Bean, B (1982). A method to test large numbers of bovine semen samples for viral contamination and results of a study using this method. Theriogenology 17: 115123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segalés, J, Rosell, C and Domingo, M (2002). Reproductive failure associated to porcine circovirus type 2 infection in Spain? (abstr). Proceedings of the 17th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 2: 171.Google Scholar
Sharma, R and Saikumar, G (2010). Porcine parvovirus- and porcine circovirus 2-associated reproductive failure and neonatal mortality in crossbred Indian pigs. Tropical Animal Health and Production 42: 515522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shen, HG, Wang, C, Madson, DM and Opriessnig, T (2010). High prevalence of porcine circovirus viremia in newborn piglets in five clinically normal swine breeding herds in North America. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 97:228236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibata, I, Okuda, Y, Kitajima, K and Asai, T (2006). Shedding of porcine circovirus into colostrum of sows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 53: 278280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, EL and Thomas, FC (1987). Embryo transfer as a means of controlling the transmission of viral infections. IX. The in vitro exposure of zona pellucida-intact porcine embryos to swine vesicular disease virus. Theriogenology 27: 443449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singleton, WL (2001). State of the art in artificial insemination of pigs in the United States. Theriogenology 56: 13051310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sorden, SD, Harms, PA, Nawagitgul, P, Cavanaugh, D and Paul, PS (1999). Development of a polyclonal-antibody-based immunohistochemical method for the detection of type 2 porcine circovirus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11: 528530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevenson, GW, Kiupel, M, Mittal, SK, Choi, J, Latimer, KS and Kanitz, CL (2001). Tissue distribution and genetic typing of porcine circoviruses in pigs with naturally occurring congenital tremors. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 13: 5762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tischer, I, Gelderblom, H, Vettermann, W and Koch, MA (1982). A very small porcine virus with circular single-stranded DNA. Nature 295: 6466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tischer, I, Peters, D, Rasch, R and Pociuli, S (1987). Replication of porcine circovirus: induction by glucosamine and cell cycle dependence. Archives of Virology 96: 3957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tischer, I, Rasch, R and Tochtermann, G (1974). Characterization of papovavirus-and picornavirus-like particles in permanent pig kidney cell lines. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Erste Abteilung Originale. Reihe A: Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Parasitologie 226: 153167.Google Scholar
Vila, T, Autret, D, Callen, A, Bridoux, N, Brune, A, Charreyre, C, Hérin, JB, Joisel, F, Larour, G, Lau, L, Longo, S, Lorenzo, J, Shade, A and Smits, H (2009). Management of PCV2 disease (or PCVD) using vaccination with CIRCOVAC: recent European field experiences (abstr). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Veterinarians 40: 231237.Google Scholar
Wallgren, P, Blomqvist, G, Thorén, P, Elander, J and Wallgren, M (2008). Incidence of PCV2 in semen collected at Swedish boar stations (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 62.Google Scholar
Wallgren, P, Hasslung, F, Bergström, G, Linder, A, Belak, K, Hård af Segerstad, C, Stampe, M, Molander, B, Björnberg Kallay, T, Nörregård, E, Ehlorsson, CJ, Törnquist, M, Fossum, C, Allan, GM and Robertsson, JA (2004). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-PMWS. The first year with the disease in Sweden. Veterinary Quarterly 26: 170187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, F, Guo, X, Ge, X, Wang, Z, Chen, Y, Cha, Z and Yang, H (2009). Genetic variation analysis of Chinese strains of porcine circovirus type 2. Virus Research 145: 151156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiblen, R, Kreutz, LC, Canabarro, TF, Schuch, LF and Rebelatto, MC (1992). Isolation of bovine herpesvirus 1 from preputial swabs and semen of bulls with balanoposthitis. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4: 341343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, KH, Bystrom, JM, Wojnarowicz, C, Shantz, N, Jacobson, M, Allan, GM, Haines, DM, Clark, EG, Krakowka, S, McNeilly, F, Konoby, C, Martin, K and Ellis, JA (1999). Myocarditis and abortion associated with intrauterine infection of sows with porcine circovirus 2. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11: 530532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, A, McDowell, E, Holtkamp, D, Gillespie, T and Pogranichniy, R (2010). Reproductive failure associated with porcine parvovirus and possible porcine circovirus type 2 co-infection. Journal of Swine Health and Production 14: 210216.Google Scholar
Yaeger, MJ, Prieve, T, Collins, J, Christopher-Hennings, J, Nelson, E and Benfield, D (1993). Evidence for the transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in boar semen. Swine Health and Production 1: 79.Google Scholar
Yoon, KJ, Jepsen, RJ, Pogranichniy, RM, Sorden, S, Stammer, R and Evans, LE (2004). A novel approach to intrauterine viral inoculation of swine using PCV type 2 as a model. Theriogenology 61: 10251037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhou, JY, Chen, QX, Ye, JX, Shen, HG, Chen, TF and Shang, SB (2006). Serological investigation and genomic characterization of PCV2 isolates from different geographic regions of Zhejiang province in China. Veterinary Research Communications 30: 205220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zizlavsky, M, Czanderlova, L, Gampova, M, Kellnerova, D, Tydlitat, D and Drabek, J (2008). Significant role of PCV2 in reproductive disorders of sows (abstr). Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress 20: 110.Google Scholar