Skip to main content
Log in

Reality vs. rhetoric – a survey and evaluation of tsetse control in East Africa

  • Published:
Agriculture and Human Values Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Odor baited methods of controlling tsetse have received considerable attention as ecologically friendly ways for African farmers to reduce their levels of livestock trypanosomosis. Over the last decade, a number of tsetse control projects have been set up in East Africa using these methods. Although much has been written, few hard data are available regarding their ongoing success, problems, and sustainability. To evaluate the situation on the ground, the authors conducted a series of site visits to a number of such tsetse control projects in Kenya. A comparison of these projects with others across the region identified the possible constraints to a wider uptake of these methods. Poor information, coupled with inappropriate research and development policies, were found to be the key constraints. These could be overcome with a farmer-based approach to control, with a better application of existing techniques, and with a greater role for veterinarians. Tsetse control needs to become demand rather than supply driven, if it is to bean important component of livestock disease control in Africa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allsopp, R. (1999). The implementation of odor bait techniques for the control of tsetse flies in eastern and southern Africa. Draft paper, Program Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) website http://www.fao.org/paat

  • Auger, C. P. (1994). Information Sources in Grey Literature. London: Bouker-Saur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, K. and C. Okali (1998). “Partnerships for tsetse control – community participation and other options.” World Animal Review 90: 39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, B. and W. F. Snow (1999). Sustainable integrated disease management (IDM) for the control of African animal trypanosomosis: Experiences in West Africa. Policy paper. Program Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) website http://www.fao.org/paat

  • Baylis, M. and P. Stevenson (1998). “Trypanosomiasis and tsetse control with insecticidal pour-ons-fact and fiction?” Parasitology Today 14: 77–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanc, F., J. P. Gouteux, D. Cuisance, E. Pounekrozou, A. Le Masson, F. N'dokoue, M. Mainguet, F. D' Amico, and F. Le Gall (1991). “La lutte par piegeage contre Glossina fuscipes fuscipes pour la protection de l'elevage en RCA. III. Vulgarization en mileu Mbororo.” Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Véterinaire des Pays Tropicaux 44: 301–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brightwell, R., R. D. Dransfield, C. Kyorku, T. K. Golder, S. A. Tarimo, and D. Mungai (1987). “A new trap for Glossina pallidipes.” Tropical Pest Management 33: 151–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brightwell, R., R. D. Dransfield, and C. Kyorku (1991). “Development of a low-cost tsetse trap and odour baits for Glossina pallidipes and G. longipennis in Kenya.” Medical and Veterinary Entomology 5: 153–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brightwell, R., R. D. Dransfield, P. Stevenson, and B. Williams (1997). “Changes over twelve years in populations of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae) subject to varying trapping pressure at Nguruman, south-west Kenya.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 87: 349–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Challier, A., M. Eyraud, A. Lafaye, and C. Laveissière (1977). “Amélioration du rendement du piège biconique pour glossines (Diptera, Glossinidae) par l'emploi d'un cône inférieur bleu.” Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie 15: 283–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, R. J. (1994). “All power deceives. Knowledge is power: The use and abuse of information in development.” IDS Bulletin 25: 14–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherrett, I., P. O'Keefe, A. Heidenreich, and P. Middlebrook (1995). “Redefining the roles of environmental NGOs in Africa.” Development in Practice 5: 26–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cullis, A. and A. Paceyq (1992). A Development Dialogue: Rainwater in Turkana. London: Intermediate Technology Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, A. J. and M. A. Mohamed Salih (1996). Pastoral development in eastern Africa: Policy review, options and alternatives. Report for I/C Consult, Zeist.

  • Dolan, R. B., P. G. W. Stevenson, H. Alulusha, and G. Okech (1992). “Failure of chemoprophylaxis against bovine trypanosomiasis on Galana Ranch in Kenya.” Acta Tropica 51: 113–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield. R. D., R. Brightwell, C. Kyorku, and B. Williams (1990). “Control of tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) populations using traps at Nguruman, south-west Kenya.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 80: 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dransfield, R. R. Brightwell, I. Adan, and J. Kamanga (1994). Report on second visit to Kathekani sub-location to assess viability of community-based tsetse control May 23–28, 1994. Unpublished SNV Kenya/Netherlands Development Organization Report.

  • Echessah, P. N., B. M. Swallow, D. W. Kamara, and J. J. Curry (1997). “Willingness to contribute labor and money to tsetse control: application of contingent valuation in Busia District, Kenya.” World Development 25: 239–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisler, M. (1999). Comments on the PAAT Plan of Action. Contribution to Program Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) website http://www.fao.org/paat, 3 February 1999.

  • Feldmann, U. and J. Hendrichs (1999). Integrating the Sterile Insect Technique as a Key Component of Area-Wide Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Intervention. Draft policy paper, Program Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) website http://www.fao.org/paat

  • Fox, R. G. R., S. O. Mmbando, M. S. Fox, and A.Wilson (1993). “Effect of herd health and productivity of controlling tsetse and trypanosomosis by applying deltamethrin to cattle.” Tropical Animal Health and Production 25: 203–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gnaegy, S. and J. R. Anderson (eds.) (1991). Agricultural Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Workshop on Research Issues. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grandstaff, S. W. and T. B. Grandstaff (1987). “Semi-structured interviewing by multidisciplinary teams in RRA,” in KKU, Proceedings of the 1985 International Conference on Rapid Rural Appraisal (pp. 129–143). Rural Systems Research and Farming Systems Research Projects, University of Khon Kaen, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grayson, L. (1995). Scientific Deception: An Overview and Guide to the Literature of Misconduct and Fraud in Scientific Research. London: British Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groenendijk, C. A., M. J. Dekker, L. H. Otieno, and W. Takken (1993). “A survey of the distribution of Glossina pallidipes Austen around the Lambwe Valley, South Nyanza District, Kenya.” Insect Science and its Application 14: 225–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, G. (1989). The Lords of Poverty. London: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardin, R. (1982). Collective Action. Baltimore, Massachusetts: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargrove, J. W. (1999). A theoretical study of the invasion of cleared areas by tsetse flies (Glossina spp). Draft paper, Program Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) website http://www.fao.org/paat

  • Harrison, P. (1987). The Greening of Africa. London: Paladin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, B. (1996). Galana Ranch – a History. Unpublished Report for DFID/KETRI Project.

  • Holmes, P. H. (1997). “New approaches to the integrated control of trypanosomosis.” Veterinary Parasitology 71: 121–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICIPE (1995). 1994 ICIPE Annual Scientific Report. Nairobi: ICIPE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Intermediate Technology Development Group (1997). Trip report to Kathekani. Unpublished ITDG Kenya Report.

  • International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (1996). 1995 ICIPE Annual Report. Nairobi: ICIPE.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (1997). 1996/97 ICIPE Annual Report. Nairobi: ICIPE.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (1998). 1995-97 ICIPE Annual Scientific Report. Nairobi: ICIPE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamau, S. W., J. Omukuba, J. Kiragu, P. Masika, J. M. Ndung'u, J. K. Omuse, P. Wachira, and D. Mehlitz (1998). Control of animal trypanosomiasis using cypermethrin (EctoporR) pour-on treatment of ranch cattle in Kenya. Unpublished manuscript.

  • KETRI Technical Team (1997). Surveys and investigations. Reports from Isiolo, Kwale, Kilifi, Busia, Mombasa, Garissa, Teso, Bungoma, Mt Elgon, Moyale District and Lambwe. KETRI Technical Team Report No. 5 of 1996 compiled by T. W. Mwangi.

  • Leonard, D. K. (1993). “Structural reform of the veterinary profession in Africa and the new institutional economics.” Development and Change 24: 227–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohr, K.-F., J. N. Omukuba, A. R. Njogu, S. H. Maloo, F. Gisemba, T. Okedi, and S. Mwongela (1991). “Investigation of the efficacy of flumethrin pour-on for the control of high tsetse and trypanosomiasis challenge in Kenya.” Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 42: 131–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D. E. and M. I. Meltzer (1996). “Vector-borne disease control in sub-Saharan Africa: A necessary but partial vision of development.” World Development 24: 569–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muzari, M. O. and J. W. Hargrove (1996). “The design of target barriers for tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae).” Bulletin of Entomological Research 86: 579–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwangi, D. K. (1996). Socioeconomic-factors affecting implementation of community-managed tsetse control in Busia District, Kenya. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Reading.

  • Ndung'u, M. and J. N. Makumi (1998). “Tsetse and trypanosomosis research and control activities in Lambwe Valley and transfer of technology to the beneficiary.” Paper presented to workshop on The Coexistence of Wildlife and Livestock in the Semi-Arid Rangelands of East Africa, Nairobi, 23 April 1998.

  • Njiru, G. K. (1997). Livestock markets of northern Kenya. Kenya Economic Pastoralist Development Association, Consultancy Report No. 1.

  • OAU/STRC (1995). “Uganda Country Report,” in OAU/STRC Twenty-Third Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Banjul, Gambia, 11–15 September 1995 (p. 20). Nairobi: OAU, STRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okoth, J. O., A. Omare-Okurut, and F. Eboyu. (1998). “The use of theatre to mobilize and sensitize rural communities to participate in tsetse control in Bugiri district, Busoga, Uganda: A case study.” Annals of TropicalMedicine and Parasitology 92: 127–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ole Katampoi, K. (1994). “Murder most foul.” Kajiado Focus No. 7: 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ole-Mperre, E. S. (1982). “The policy in the control of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis in Kenya.” Kenya Veterinarian 6: 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, A. (1999). Area-wide, SIT, SAT, Sustainability and Priority Areas. Contribution to Program Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) website http://www.fao.org/paat, 23 February 1999.

  • Program Against African Trypanosomiasis (1999). Report of the fourth meeting of the PAAT Program Committee, 25–27 November 1998. Vienna, Austria.

  • Schofield, C. J. (1993). “The politics of malaria control.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 83: 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shereni, W. (1997). “Integrated use of bait techniques for tsetse control in Zimbabwe,” in OAU/STRC Twenty-Third Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Banjul, Gambia, 11–15 September 1995 (pp. 129–143). Nairobi: OAU, STRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, P., L. Munga, and R. B. Dolan (1995). “The detrimental effects of frequent treatment of cattle with trypanocidal drugs,” in OAU/STRC Twenty-Second Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Kampala, Uganda, 5–29 October, 1993 (pp. 130–135). Nairobi: OAU, STRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swallow, B. M. and D. W. Bromley (1994). “Co-management or management: The prospects for internal governance of common property regimes through dynamic contracts.” Oxford Agrarian Studies 22(1).

  • Turner, D. A. (1986). “Tsetse and trypanosomiasis in Lambwe Valley, Kenya.” Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80: 592–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vale, G. A., D. F. Lovemore, S. Flint, and G. F. Cockbill (1988). “Odor-baited targets to control tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), in Zimbabwe.” Bulletin of Entomological Research 78: 31–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams B., C. Campbell, and R. Williams (1995). “Broken houses: Science and development in the African savannahs.” Agriculture and Human Values 12(2): 29–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson (1985). The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Brightwell, B., Dransfield, B., Maudlin, I. et al. Reality vs. rhetoric – a survey and evaluation of tsetse control in East Africa. Agriculture and Human Values 18, 219–233 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011131826919

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011131826919

Navigation