Abstract
We present findings on the associations between DNA adduct levels in breast tissue, risk of breast cancer, and polymorphisms in the DNA repair enzyme XPD. Breast cancer cases, benign breast disease (BBD) controls, and healthy controls were enrolled. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)–DNA adduct levels were measured by immunohistochemistry in breast tissue samples from cases and BBD controls. XPD polymorphisms at codons 312 and 751 was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using white blood cell DNA. Neither of the polymorphisms were associated with case-control status, both in comparisons of cases and BBD controls, and cases and healthy controls. XPD polymorphisms at codons 312 and 751 were associated with higher levels of PAH–DNA in tumor tissue from breast cancer cases. Subjects with an Asp/Asn or Asn/Asn polymorphic genotype in codon 312 of XPD had elevated levels of PAH–DNA adducts compared to subjects with the Asp/Asp genotype (0.55 optical density (OD) v.s. 0.33 OD, p < 0.01). PAH–DNA adducts were associated with increasing copy number of the Gln allele for the codon 751 polymorphism (p for trend <0.01). Among subjects with the Asp/Asn or Asn/Asn genotype at codon 312, adduct levels were higher in tumor tissue compared to tissue from BBD controls (0.55 OD v.s. 0.36 OD, p = 0.003). Among subjects with the Gln/Gln genotype at codon 751 adduct levels were higher in tumor tissue compared to tissue from BBD controls (0.68 OD v.s. 0.40 OD, p = 0.01). The trend of increasing PAH–DNA adduct levels with either the Asn/Asn or Gln/Gln genotype was greater in tumor tissue than the trend in BBD control tissue.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cancer Facts and Figures. American Cancer Society, 2001
Rockhill B, Weinberg CR, Newman B: Population attributable fraction estimation for established breast cancer risk factors: considering the issues of high prevalence and unmodifiability. Am J Epidemiol 147(9): 826–833, 1998
Madigan M, Ziegler R, Benichou J, Byrne C, Hoover R: Pro-portion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 87(22): 1681–1685, 1995
Rundle A, Tang D, Hibshoosh H, Estabrook A, Schnabel F, Cao W, Grumet S, Perera FP: The relationship between ge-netic damage from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in breast tissue and breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 21(7): 1281–1289, 2000
El-Bayoumy K: Environmental carcinogens that may be involved in human breast cancer etiology. Chem Res Toxicol 5: 585–590, 1992
Perera FP, Estabrook A, Hewer A, Channing KM, Rundle A, Mooney LA, Whyatt R, Phillips DH: Carcinogen-DNA ad-ducts in human breast tissue. Cancer Epi Biomark Prev 4: 233–238, 1995
Li D, Zhang W, Sahin AA, Hittelman WN: DNA adducts in normal tissue adjacent to breast cancer: a review. Cancer Detect Prevent 23(6): 454–462, 1999
Rundle A, Tang D, Zhou J, Cho S, Perera FP: The association between glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype and poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in breast tissue. Cancer Epi Biomark Prev 10: 1079–1085, 2000
Polynuclear aromatic compounds. Part 1. Chemical, environmental and experimental data. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 32, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1983, pp 1–453 10.
Peltonen KDA: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: chem-istry of DNA adduct formation. J Occup Environ Med 37(1): 52–58, 1995
EPA. Toxicological Profile for B(a)P. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1990
Moore CJ, Tricomi WA, Gould MN: Interspecies comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in human and rat mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 46: 4946–4952, 1986
Calaf G, Russo J: Transformation of human breast epithelial cells by chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 14: 483–492, 1993
Eldridge SR, Gould MN, Butterworth BE: Genotoxicity of environmental agents in human mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 52: 5617–5621, 1992
Mane SS, Purnell DM, Hsu I-C: Genotoxic effects of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human and rat mammary epithelial cells. Environ Molec Mutagen 15: 78–82, 1990
Miller EC, Miller JA: Mechanisms of chemical carcinogene-sis. Cancer 47: 1055–1064, 1981
Tang D, Chiamprasert S, Santella RM, Perera FP: Molecular epidemiology of lung cancer: carcinogen-DNA adducts, GSTM1 and risk. Proc AACR 284, 1995
Tang D, Rundle A, Warburton D, Santella RM, Tsai WY, Chiamprasert S, Hsu YZ, Perera FP: Associations between both genetic and environmental biomarkers and lung cancer: evidence of a greater risk of lung cancer in women smokers. Carcinogenesis 19(11): 1949–1953, 1998
Helzlsouer KJ, Harris EL, Parshad R, Fogel S, Bigbee WL, Sanford KK: Familial clustering of breast cancer: possible interaction between DNA repair proficiency and radiation ex-posure in the development of breast cancer. Intl J Cancer 64(1): 14–17, 1995
Wei Q, Spitz MR: The role of DNA repair capacity in susceptibility to lung cancer: a review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 16(3–4): 295–307, 1997
Mohrenweiser H, Jones I: Variation in DNA repair is a factor in cancer susceptibility: a paradigm for the promises and perils of individual and population risk estimation? Mutat Res 400(1–2): 15–24, 1998
Robles AI, Wang XW, Harris CC: Drug-induced apoptosis is delayed and reduced in XPD lymphoblastoid cell lines: possible role of TFIIH in p53-mediated apoptotic cell death. Oncogene 18(33): 4681–4688, 1999
Wang XW, Vermeulen W, Coursen JD, Gibson M, Lupold SE, Foresster K, Xu G, Elmore L, Yeh H, Hoeijmakers JH, Harris CC: XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. Genes Dev 10(10): 1219–1232, 1996
Miller MC, Mohrenweiser HW, Bell DA: Genetic variabil-ity in susceptibility and response to toxicants. Toxicol Lett 120(1–3): 269–280, 2001
Tomescu D, Kavanagh G, Ha T, Campbell H, Melton DW: Nucleotide excision repair gene XPD polymorphisms and genetic predisposition to melanoma. Carcinogenesis 22(3): 403–408, 2001
Lunn RM, Helzlsouer KJ, Parshad R, Umbach DM, Harris EL, Sanford KK, Bell DA: XPD polymorphisms: effects on DNA repair proficiency. Carcinogenesis 21(4): 551–555, 2000
Sturgis EM, Zheng R, Li L, Castillo EJ, Eicher SA, Chen M, Strom SS, Spitz MR, Wei Q: XPD/ERCC2 polymorphisms and risk of head and neck cancer: a case-control analysis. Carcinogenesis 21(12): 2219–2223, 2000
Lehmann AR: The xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene: one gene, two functions, three diseases. Genes Dev 15: 15–23, 2001.
Thompson LH, West MG: XRCC1 keeps DNA from getting stranded. Mutat Res 459: 1–18, 2000
Braithwaite E, Wu X, Wang Z: Repair of DNA lesions induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human cell-free ex-tracts: involvement of two excision repair mechanisms in vitro. Carcinogenesis 19(7): 1239–1246, 1998
Hyytinen ER, Frierson HF, Sipe TW, Li CL, Degeorges A, Sikes RA, Chung LW, Dong JT: Loss of heterozygosity and lack of mutations of the XPG/ERCC5 DNA repair gene at 13q33 in prostate cancer. Prostate 41(3): 190–195, 1999
Hoeijmakers JH, Egly JM, Vermeulen W: TFIIH: a key component in multiple DNA transactions. Curr Opinion Genetics Dev 6(1): 26–33, 1996
Drapkin R, Reardon JT, Ansari A, Huang JC, Zawel L, Ahn K, Sancar A, Reinberg D: Dual role of TFIIH in DNA excision repair and in transcription by RNA polymerase II. Nature 368(6473): 769–772, 1994
Seroz T, Perez C, Bergmann E, Bradsher J, Egly JM: p44/SSL1, the regulatory subunit of the XPD/RAD3 helicase, plays a crucial role in the transcriptional activity of TFIIH. J Biol Chem 275(43): 33260–33266, 2000
Winkler GS, Araujo SJ, Fiedler U, Vermeulen W, Coin F, Egly JM, Hoeijmakers JH, Wood RD, Timmers HT, Weeda G: TFIIH with inactive XPD helicase functions in transcription initiation but is defective in DNA repair. J Biol Chem 275(6): 4258–4266, 2000
Spitz MR, Wu X, Wang Y, Wang LE, Shete S, Amos CI, Guo Z, Lei L, Mohrenweiser H, Wei Q: Modulation of nucle-otide excision repair capacity by XPD polymorphisms in lung cancer patients. Cancer Res 61(4): 1354–1357, 2001
Moustacchi E: DNA damage and repair: consequences on dose-responses. Mutat Res 464: 35–40, 2000
Vogel U, Hedayati M, Dybdahl M, Grossman L, Nexo BA: Polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XPD: correlations with risk of basal cell carcinoma revisited. Carcinogenesis 22(6): 899–904, 2001
David-Beabes GL, Lunn RM, London SJ: No association between the XPD (Lys751G1n) polymorphism or the XRCC3 (Thr241Met) polymorphism and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epi Biomark Prev 10(8): 911–912, 2001
Zhang Y, Weksler B, Wang L, Schwartz J, Santella R:Immunohistochemical detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA damage in human blood vessels of smokers and non-smokers. Atherosclerosis 140(2): 325–331, 1998
Rundle A, Tang D, Hibshoosh H, Schnabel F, Kelly A, Levine R, Zhou J, Link B, Perera FP: Molecular epidemiologic studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts and breast cancer. Environ Molec Mutagen 39(2–3): 201–207, 2002
Shrout PE, Fleiss J: Intra-class correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psyc Bull 86(2): 420–428, 1979
Flanders WD, DerSimonian R, Freedman DS: Interpretation of linear regression models that include transformations or interaction terms. Ann Epi 2(5): 735–744, 1992
Helzlsouer KJ, Harris EL, Parshad R, Perry HR, Price FM, Sanford KK: DNA repair proficiency: potential susceptibility factor for breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(11): 754–755, 1996
Butkiewicz D, Rusin M, Enewold L, Shields PG, Chorazy M, Harris CC: Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and risk of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 22(4): 593–597, 2001
Dybdahl M, Vogel U, Frentz G, Wallin H, Nexo BA: Polymorphisms in the DNA repair gene XPD: correlations with risk and age at onset of basal cell carcinoma. Cancer Epi Biomark Prev 8: 77–81, 1999
Matullo G, Palli D, Peluso M, Guarrera S, Carturan S, Celentano E, Krogh V, Munnia A, Tumino R, Polidoro S, Piazza A, Vineis P: XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD gene polymor-phisms, smoking and 32 P-DNA adducts in a sample of healthy subjects. Carcinogenesis 22: 1437–1445, 2001
Palli D, Russo A, Masala G, Saieva C, Guarrera S, Carturan S, Munnia A, Matullo G, Peluso M: DNA-adduct levels and DNA repair polymorphisms in traffic-exposed workers and a general population sample. Intl J Cancer 94: 121–127, 2001
Cleaver JE, Karplus K, Kashani-Sabet M, Limoli CL: Nucle-otide excision repair: 'a legacy of creativity'. Mutat Res 485: 23–36, 2001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tang, D., Cho, S., Rundle, A. et al. Polymorphisms in the DNA Repair Enzyme XPD are Associated with Increased Levels of PAH–DNA Adducts in a Case-Control Study of Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 75, 159–166 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019693504183
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019693504183