Abstract
Plasma iron circulates bound to transferrin (Trf), which solubilizes the ferric ion and attenuates its reactivity. Diferric Trf interacts with cell-surface Trf receptor (Trfr) to undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis into specialized endosomes. Endosomal acidification leads to iron release, and iron is transported out of the endosome through the activity of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1, formerly Nramp2), a transmembrane iron transporter that functions only at low pH (ref. 1). Trf and Trfr then return to the cell surface for reuse, completing a highly efficient cycle. Although the Trf cycle is assumed to be the general mechanism for cellular iron uptake, this has not been validated experimentally. Mice with hypotransferrinaemia (hpx) have little or no plasma Trf (Refs 2,3). They have severe anaemia, indicating that the Trf cycle is essential for iron uptake by erythroid cells3. Other hpx tissues, however, are generally normal, and there is a paradoxical increase in intestinal iron absorption and iron storage3,4. To test the hypothesis that the Trf cycle has unique importance for erythropoiesis, we disrupted the Trfr gene in mice. This results in elimination of the Trf cycle, but leaves other Trf functions intact. Mice lacking Trfr have a more severe phenotype than hpx mice, affecting both erythropoiesis and neurologic development. Furthermore, haploinsufficiency for Trfr results in impaired erythroid development and abnormal iron homeostasis.
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Acknowledgements
We thank A. Sharpe for providing ES cells; R. Mortenson for providing the targeting vector and advice on its use; M. Kim for technical assistance in sequencing phage clones; C. Browne for tissue culture advice; K. Cuniff for help with karyotyping; M. McDevitt for advice on embryo dissections; C. Brugnara for assistance with haematological measurements; Brigham and Women's Hospital Pathology and Hematology labs for sample analysis; S. Orkin for sharing equipment; and M. Fleming, V. Blank, V. Sellers and other members of the Andrews laboratory for reviewing the manuscript and discussing these results. N.C.A. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. This work was partially supported by National Institutes Health grants HL51057 to N.C.A. and HL03503 to J.E.L.
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Levy, J., Jin, O., Fujiwara, Y. et al. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system. Nat Genet 21, 396–399 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/7727
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/7727