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Reconstructing population exposures to environmental chemicals from biomarkers: Challenges and opportunities

Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology volume 19, pages 149–171 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

A conceptual/computational framework for exposure reconstruction from biomarker data combined with auxiliary exposure-related data is presented, evaluated with example applications, and examined in the context of future needs and opportunities. This framework employs physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling in conjunction with numerical “inversion” techniques. To quantify the value of different types of exposure data “accompanying” biomarker data, a study was conducted focusing on reconstructing exposures to chlorpyrifos, from measurements of its metabolite levels in urine. The study employed biomarker data as well as supporting exposure-related information from the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), Maryland, while the MENTOR-3P system (Modeling ENvironment for TOtal Risk with Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic modeling for Populations) was used for PBTK modeling. Recently proposed, simple numerical reconstruction methods were applied in this study, in conjunction with PBTK models. Two types of reconstructions were studied using (a) just the available biomarker and supporting exposure data and (b) synthetic data developed via augmenting available observations. Reconstruction using only available data resulted in a wide range of variation in estimated exposures. Reconstruction using synthetic data facilitated evaluation of numerical inversion methods and characterization of the value of additional information, such as study-specific data that can be collected in conjunction with the biomarker data. Although the NHEXAS data set provides a significant amount of supporting exposure-related information, especially when compared to national studies such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), this information is still not adequate for detailed reconstruction of exposures under several conditions, as demonstrated here. The analysis presented here provides a starting point for introducing improved designs for future biomonitoring studies, from the perspective of exposure reconstruction; identifies specific limitations in existing exposure reconstruction methods that can be applied to population biomarker data; and suggests potential approaches for addressing exposure reconstruction from such data.

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Acknowledgements

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), through its Office of Research and Development (ORD), partially funded and collaborated in the research described here under University Partnership Agreement CR 83162501 to the Center for Exposure and Risk Modeling (CERM) of the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute. The research and this manuscript have been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication. USEPA has also supported this work through the Environmental Bioinformatics and Computational Toxicology Center (ebCTC – GAD R 832721-010). Additional support has been provided by the NIEHS sponsored UMDNJ Center for Environmental Exposures and Disease, Grant#: NIEHS P30ES005022. We acknowledge feedback and suggestions of numerous USEPA collaborators including C. Dary, R. Tornero-Velez, M. Morgan, M. Dellarco, F. Power, J.N. Blancato, and L. Sheldon.

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  1. Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), A Joint Institute of UMDNJ-RW Johnson Medical School & Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA

    Panos G Georgopoulos, Alan F Sasso, Sastry S Isukapalli & Paul J Lioy

  2. National Exposure Research Laboratory, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

    Daniel A Vallero & Larry Reiter

  3. National Exposure Research Laboratory, USEPA, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

    Miles Okino

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  1. Panos G Georgopoulos
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Correspondence to Panos G Georgopoulos.

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Georgopoulos, P., Sasso, A., Isukapalli, S. et al. Reconstructing population exposures to environmental chemicals from biomarkers: Challenges and opportunities. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 19, 149–171 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2008.9

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