Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Letter
  • Published:

Genome-wide association analysis identifies susceptibility loci for migraine without aura

Nature Genetics volume 44, pages 777–782 (2012)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Migraine without aura is the most common form of migraine, characterized by recurrent disabling headache and associated autonomic symptoms. To identify common genetic variants associated with this migraine type, we analyzed genome-wide association data of 2,326 clinic-based German and Dutch individuals with migraine without aura and 4,580 population-matched controls. We selected SNPs from 12 loci with 2 or more SNPs associated with P values of <1 × 10−5 for replication testing in 2,508 individuals with migraine without aura and 2,652 controls. SNPs at two of these loci showed convincing replication: at 1q22 (in MEF2D; replication P = 4.9 × 10−4; combined P = 7.06 × 10−11) and at 3p24 (near TGFBR2; replication P = 1.0 × 10−4; combined P = 1.17 × 10−9). In addition, SNPs at the PHACTR1 and ASTN2 loci showed suggestive evidence of replication (P = 0.01; combined P = 3.20 × 10−8 and P = 0.02; combined P = 3.86 × 10−8, respectively). We also replicated associations at two previously reported migraine loci in or near TRPM8 and LRP1. This study identifies the first susceptibility loci for migraine without aura, thereby expanding our knowledge of this debilitating neurological disorder.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1: Regional and forest plots for the newly identified loci associated with migraine.
Figure 2: Regional and forest plots for the previously reported loci associated with migraine that replicate in the current migraine without aura study.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Launer, L.J., Terwindt, G.M. & Ferrari, M.D. The prevalence and characteristics of migraine in a population-based cohort: the GEM study. Neurology 53, 537–542 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Stovner, L.J., Zwart, J.A., Hagen, K., Terwindt, G.M. & Pascual, J. Epidemiology of headache in Europe. Eur. J. Neurol. 13, 333–345 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Stovner, L. et al. The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia 27, 193–210 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Olesen, J., Lekander, I., Andlin-Sobocki, P. & Jönsson, B. Funding of headache research in Europe. Cephalalgia 27, 995–999 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anttila, V. et al. Genome-wide association study of migraine implicates a common susceptibility variant on 8q22.1. Nat. Genet. 42, 869–873 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Chasman, D.I. et al. Genome-wide association study reveals three susceptibility loci for common migraine in the general population. Nat. Genet. 43, 695–698 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dimas, A.S. et al. Common regulatory variation impacts gene expression in a cell type–dependent manner. Science 325, 1246–1250 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Nica, A.C. et al. The architecture of gene regulatory variation across multiple human tissues: the MuTHER study. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002003 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lin, X., Shah, S. & Bulleit, R.F. The expression of MEF2 genes is implicated in CNS neuronal differentiation. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 42, 307–316 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Flavell, S.W. et al. Activity-dependent regulation of MEF2 transcription factors suppresses excitatory synapse number. Science 311, 1008–1012 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Aurora, S.K. & Wilkinson, F. The brain is hyperexcitable in migraine. Cephalalgia 27, 1442–1453 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ferrari, M.D., Odink, J., Bos, K.D., Malessy, M.J. & Bruyn, G.W. Neuroexcitatory plasma amino acids are elevated in migraine. Neurology 40, 1582–1586 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Martínez, F., Castillo, J., Rodríguez, J.R., Leira, R. & Noya, M. Neuroexcitatory amino acid levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid during migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 13, 89–93 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Tottene, A. et al. Enhanced excitatory transmission at cortical synapses as the basis for facilitated spreading depression in Cav2.1 knockin migraine mice. Neuron 61, 762–773 (2009).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Flavell, S.W. et al. Genome-wide analysis of MEF2 transcriptional program reveals synaptic target genes and neuronal activity–dependent polyadenylation site selection. Neuron 60, 1022–1038 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Morrow, E.M. et al. Identifying autism loci and genes by tracing recent shared ancestry. Science 321, 218–223 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pfeiffer, B.E. et al. Fragile X mental retardation protein is required for synapse elimination by the activity-dependent transcription factor MEF2. Neuron 66, 191–197 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Schytz, H.W. et al. PACAP38 induces migraine-like attacks in patients with migraine without aura. Brain 132, 16–25 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Markovics, A. et al. Pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating polypeptide plays a key role in nitroglycerol-induced trigeminovascular activation in mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 45, 633–644 (2012).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Goadsby, P.J., Lipton, R.B. & Ferrari, M.D. Migraine—current understanding and treatment. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 257–270 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lin, H.Y., Wang, X.F., Ng-Eaton, E., Weinberg, R.A. & Lodish, H.F. Expression cloning of the TGF-β type 2 receptor, a functional transmembrane serine/threonine kinase. Cell 68, 775–785 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Law, C. et al. Clinical features in a family with an R460H mutation in transforming growth factor β receptor 2 gene. J. Med. Genet. 43, 908–916 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Rist, P.M., Diener, H.C., Kurth, T. & Schürks, M. Migraine, migraine aura, and cervical artery dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia 31, 886–896 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Allen, P.B., Greenfield, A.T., Svenningsson, P., Haspeslagh, D.C. & Greengard, P. Phactrs 1–4: a family of protein phosphatise 1 and actin regulatory proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 7187–7192 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Greengard, P., Allen, P.B. & Nairn, A.C. Beyond the dopamine receptor: the DARPP-32/protein phosphatase-1 cascade. Neuron 23, 435–447 (1999).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jarray, R. et al. Depletion of the novel protein PHACTR-1 from human endothelial cells abolishes tube formation and induces cell death receptor apoptosis. Biochimie 93, 1668–1675 (2011).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium. Genome-wide association of early-onset myocardial infarction with single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants. Nat. Genet. 41, 334–341 (2009).

  28. Tietjen, G.E. Migraine as a systemic vasculopathy. Cephalalgia 29, 987–996 (2009).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Wilson, P.M., Fryer, R.H., Fang, Y. & Hatten, M.E. Astn2, a novel member of the astrotactin gene family, regulates the trafficking of ASTN1 during glial-guided neuronal migration. J. Neurosci. 30, 8529–8540 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. DaSilva, A.F., Granziera, C., Snyder, J. & Hadjikhani, N. Thickening in the somatosensory cortex of patients with migraine. Neurology 69, 1990–1995 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kruit, M.C. et al. Migraine as a risk factor for subclinical brain lesions. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 291, 427–434 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Proudfoot, C.J. et al. Analgesia mediated by the TRPM8 cold receptor in chronic neuropathic pain. Curr. Biol. 16, 1591–1605 (2006).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Caspani, O., Zurborg, S., Labuz, D. & Heppenstall, P.A. The contribution of TRPM8 and TRPA1 channels to cold allodynia and neuropathic pain. PLoS ONE 4, e7383 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. d'Agostino, V.C., Francia, E., Licursi, V. & Cerbo, R. Clinical and personality features of allodynic migraine. Neurol. Sci. 31 (suppl. 1), S159–S161 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Lillis, A.P., van Duyn, L.B., Murphy-Ullrich, J.E. & Strickland, D.K. LDL receptor–related protein 1: unique tissue-specific functions revealed by selective gene knockout studies. Physiol. Rev. 88, 887–918 (2008).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. May, P. et al. Neuronal LRP1 functionally associates with postsynaptic proteins and is required for normal motor function in mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 8872–8883 (2004).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Russell, M.B., Rasmussen, B.K., Fenger, K. & Olesen, J. Migraine without aura and migraine with aura are distinct clinical entities: a study of four hundred and eighty-four male and female migraineurs from the general population. Cephalalgia 16, 239–245 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kallela, M., Wessman, M., Havanka, H., Palotie, A. & Färkkilä, M. Familial migraine with and without aura: clinical characteristics and co-occurrence. Eur. J. Neurol. 8, 441–449 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Frazer, K.A. et al. A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 449, 851–861 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Teo, Y.Y. et al. A genotype calling algorithm for the Illumina BeadArray platform. Bioinformatics 23, 2741–2746 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Howie, B.N., Donnelly, P. & Marchini, J. A flexible and accurate genotype imputation method for the next generation of genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000529 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Altshuler, D.M. et al. Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations. Nature 467, 52–58 (2010).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mägi, R. & Morris, A.P. GWAMA: software for genome-wide association meta-analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 11, 288 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Cochran, W.G. The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics 10, 101–129 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Higgins, J.P. & Thompson, S.G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat. Med. 21, 1539–1558 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ioannidis, J.P., Patsopoulos, N.A. & Evangelou, E. Heterogeneity in meta-analyses of genome-wide association investigations. PLoS ONE 2, e841 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. DerSimonian, R. & Laird, N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control. Clin. Trials 7, 177–188 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population- based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559–575 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Stranger, B.E. et al. Population genomics of human gene expression. Nat. Genet. 39, 1217–1224 (2007).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank all individuals in the respective cohorts for their generous participation. This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (grant 01GS08121 to M.D., along with support to E.W. in the context of the German National Genome Research Network, (NGFN-2 and NGFN-plus) for the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study); the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant SAF2009-13182-C03 to A.M. and B.C.); the Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (grants 2009SGR78 and 2009SGR971 to A.M. and B.C., respectively); an unrestricted grant of the Vascular Dementia Research Foundation (to M.D.); the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) (90700217) and VIDI (ZonMw) (91711319 to G.M.T.); the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI (918.56.602) and Spinoza (2009) grants (to M.D.F.); the Center for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB) established in the Netherlands Genomics Initiative/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NGI/NWO) (project 050-060-409 to C.M.v.D., R.R.F., M.D.F. and A.M.J.M.v.d.M. and 050-060-810 to C.M.v.D.) and the generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the Rotterdam Study (175.010.2005.011 and 911-03-012) (funded by the Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam and the Ministries of Education, Culture and Science, Health, Welfare and Sports), as well as the NGI-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) and the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2); the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the National Genome Research Network (NGFN-Plus; grants 01GS08120 and 01GS1103 to C.K.); the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the State of Bavaria, supported within the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) as part of LMUinnovativ) for the KORA research platform, which was initiated by the Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health; the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Research Fellowship (613674) and the Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellowship (FT0991022) schemes (to D.R.N.); the Wellcome Trust (grant 098051 to A.P.); the Academy of Finland (grant 251704 to A.P. and 139795 to M.W.); the Academy of Finland, Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (grants 213506 and 129680 to A.P. and J.K.); the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2010075 and 2011083 to B.W. and J.-A.Z.), the Unger-Vetlesen Medical Fund (to B.W.) and the Ullevaal fund (to B.W.); the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), the ENGAGE Consortium, (grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007- 201413); EU/SYNSYS–Synaptic Systems (grant 242167 to A.P.); the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Finland (to A.P.); the Folkhälsan Research Foundation, Helsinki (to M.W.); and the Helsinki University Central Hospital (to M.K., V. Artto and M.F.).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Tobias Freilinger, Verneri Anttila and Boukje de Vries: These authors contributed equally to this work.

  2. Aarno Palotie, Martin Dichgans and Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg: These authors jointly directed this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

    Tobias Freilinger, Rainer Malik & Martin Dichgans

  2. Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

    Tobias Freilinger

  3. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK

    Verneri Anttila, Bendik Winsvold, Eija Hämäläinen, Jèssica Fernández-Morales & Aarno Palotie

  4. Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Verneri Anttila, Eija Hämäläinen, Mari A Kaunisto, Jaakko Kaprio, Maija Wessman & Aarno Palotie

  5. Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Boukje de Vries, Rune R Frants & Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg

  6. Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Mikko Kallela, Ville Artto & Markus Färkkilä

  7. Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Gisela M Terwindt, Willebrordus P J van Oosterhout, Mark A Louter, Michel D Ferrari & Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg

  8. Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Patricia Pozo-Rosich

  9. Headache Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Patricia Pozo-Rosich & Jèssica Fernández-Morales

  10. Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Bendik Winsvold & John-Anker Zwart

  11. Neurogenetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Dale R Nyholt

  12. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Unda Todt & Christian Kubisch

  13. Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

    Mark A Louter

  14. Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

    Mari A Kaunisto & Maija Wessman

  15. Department of Neurology and Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)-Neurosciences, Headache Research Unit, Liège University, Liège, Belgium

    Jean Schoenen

  16. Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland

    Olli Raitakari

  17. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland

    Terho Lehtimäki

  18. Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Marta Vila-Pueyo & Alfons Macaya

  19. Kiel Pain and Headache Center, Kiel, Germany

    Hartmut Göbel & Axel Heinze

  20. Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

    Erich Wichmann

  21. Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Cèlia Sintas & Bru Cormand

  22. Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain

    Cèlia Sintas & Bru Cormand

  23. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Andre G Uitterlinden & Fernando Rivadeneira

  24. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Albert Hofman, Fernando Rivadeneira & Cornelia M van Duijn

  25. Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Erling Tronvik

  26. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Kaprio

  27. Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

    Jaakko Kaprio

  28. Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain

    Bru Cormand

  29. Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

    Thomas Meitinger

  30. Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

    Thomas Meitinger

  31. Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

    Bertram Müller-Myhsok

  32. The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Aarno Palotie

  33. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Aarno Palotie

  34. Department of Medical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Aarno Palotie

Authors
  1. Tobias Freilinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Verneri Anttila
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Boukje de Vries
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rainer Malik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mikko Kallela
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Gisela M Terwindt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Patricia Pozo-Rosich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Bendik Winsvold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Dale R Nyholt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Willebrordus P J van Oosterhout
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Ville Artto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Unda Todt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Eija Hämäläinen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Jèssica Fernández-Morales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Mark A Louter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Mari A Kaunisto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Jean Schoenen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Olli Raitakari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Terho Lehtimäki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Marta Vila-Pueyo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Hartmut Göbel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Erich Wichmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Cèlia Sintas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Andre G Uitterlinden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Albert Hofman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Fernando Rivadeneira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Axel Heinze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Erling Tronvik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Cornelia M van Duijn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Jaakko Kaprio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Bru Cormand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Maija Wessman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Rune R Frants
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Thomas Meitinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. Bertram Müller-Myhsok
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. John-Anker Zwart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Markus Färkkilä
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. Alfons Macaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. Michel D Ferrari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  40. Christian Kubisch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  41. Aarno Palotie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  42. Martin Dichgans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  43. Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

International Headache Genetics Consortium

Contributions

Funding was obtained by M.D., M.D.F., A.P., A.M.J.M.v.d.M., C.K. and C.M.v.D. Overall study design was guided by T.F., V. Anttila, B.d.V., R.M., D.R.N., J.-A.Z., C.K., A.P., M.D. and A.M.J.M.v.d.M. Cohorts were supervised and phenotyped by T.F., M.K., G.M.T., P.P.-R., B.W., W.P.J.v.O., V. Artto, U.T., J.F.-M., M.A.L., M.A.K., J.S., O.R., T.L., M.V.-P., H.G., E.W., C.S., A.G.U., A. Heinze, A. Hoffman., E.T., C.M.v.D., J.K., B.C., T.M., J.-A.Z., M.F. and A.M. Analysis and genotyping were performed by V. Anttila, B.d.V., R.M., B.W., D.R.N., E.H., A.G.U., F.R., M.W., T.M. and B.M.-M. The manuscript was written by T.F., V. Anttila, B.d.V., D.R.N., B.C., M.W., R.R.F., J.-A.Z., C.K., A.P., M.D. and A.M.J.M.v.d.M. All authors participated in critical review of the manuscript for intellectual content.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Aarno Palotie or Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Additional information

A full list of members and affiliations is provided in the Supplementary Note.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Text and Figures

Supplementary Figures 1–3, Supplementary Tables 1–3 and Supplementary Note (PDF 259 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Freilinger, T., Anttila, V., de Vries, B. et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies susceptibility loci for migraine without aura. Nat Genet 44, 777–782 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2307

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2307

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing