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Genome-wide analysis of mammalian promoter architecture and evolution

A Corrigendum to this article was published on 01 September 2007

This article has been updated

Abstract

Mammalian promoters can be separated into two classes, conserved TATA box–enriched promoters, which initiate at a well-defined site, and more plastic, broad and evolvable CpG-rich promoters. We have sequenced tags corresponding to several hundred thousand transcription start sites (TSSs) in the mouse and human genomes, allowing precise analysis of the sequence architecture and evolution of distinct promoter classes. Different tissues and families of genes differentially use distinct types of promoters. Our tagging methods allow quantitative analysis of promoter usage in different tissues and show that differentially regulated alternative TSSs are a common feature in protein-coding genes and commonly generate alternative N termini. Among the TSSs, we identified new start sites associated with the majority of exons and with 3′ UTRs. These data permit genome-scale identification of tissue-specific promoters and analysis of the cis-acting elements associated with them.

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Figure 1: Definition and characteristics of CAGE tag clusters.
Figure 2: TATA-box and TSS spacing definition and consensus.
Figure 3: Bidirectional overlapping promoters of Gabpa and Atp5j.
Figure 4: Pyrimidine-purine dinucleotides drive expression.
Figure 5: Promoter-based clustering reveals global features of the transcriptome.
Figure 6: Alternative promoters in protein-coding genes.

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Change history

  • 06 May 2006

    In the version of this article initially published online, the x-axis of Figure 4b was mislabeled. Specifically, the five groups on the x-axis should be labeled: No mutation PyPu to PuPu PyPu to PuPy PyPu to PyPu PyPu to PyPy The error has been corrected for all versions of the article.

  • 29 August 2007

    In the version of this article initially published, two of the smaller bar plots in Figure 1e were mistakenly duplicated. Specifically, the Zfp385 plot is an erroneous copy of the 137774 plot, and the Txndc7 plot is an erroneous copy of the Pik3r5 plot. See below for the corrected version of the figure. This error does not change the conclusions of the study in any way, as the bar plots are just a few visual examples of more than 5,000 tag clusters, and the correct plots follow the same distribution patterns as the erroneous ones. This error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the following individuals for discussion, encouragement and technical assistance: H. Atsui, A. Hasegawa, K. Hayashida, H. Himei, F. Hori, C. Kawazu, M. Kojima, K. Waki, M. Aoki, K Murakami, M. Murata, M. Nishikawa, H. Nishiyori, K. Nomura, M. Ohno, H. Sato, Y. Shigemoto, N. Suzuki, Y. Takeda and K. Yoshida. We especially thank A. Wada, T. Ogawa, M. Muramatsu, A. Kira and all the members of RIKEN Yokohama Research Promotion Division for supporting and encouraging the project. We also thank the Laboratory of Genome Exploration Research Group for secretarial and technical assistance, and Yokohama City University, who provided human samples and computational resources of the RIKEN Super Combined Cluster (RSCC). This work was mainly supported by Research Grant for the Genome Network Project from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Project from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the Japanese Government (to Y.H.), Advanced and Innovational Research Program in Life Science (to Y.H.), National Project on Protein Structural and Functional Analysis from MEXT (to Y.H.), Presidential Research Grant for Intersystem Collaboration of RIKEN (to P.C. and Y.H.) and a grant from the Six Framework Program from the European Commission (to P.C.).

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Correspondence to David A Hume or Yoshihide Hayashizaki.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Fig. 1

Mapping CAGE starting sites to the genome. (PDF 590 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 2

Assessment of exonic promoter activity. (PDF 247 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 3

Conservation of promoters and TSS shapes over evolution. (PDF 881 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 4

Initiation site properties and evolutionary changes. (PDF 1028 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 5

Sequence pattern distributions for different classes of promoters. (PDF 347 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 6

Alternative promoters and transcription start sites in 3′ UTRs. (PDF 1166 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 7

CAGE validation examples. (PDF 983 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 8

Definition of TCs and mRNA assignments of TCs. (PDF 88 kb)

Supplementary Table 1

Detailed description of the data sets. (PDF 120 kb)

Supplementary Table 2

Substitution rate estimates for mouse and human promoters. (PDF 307 kb)

Supplementary Table 3

Functional and tissue specificity overrepresentation for different shape classes. (PDF 193 kb)

Supplementary Table 4

Internet links to publicly available resources and data sets. (PDF 126 kb)

Supplementary Table 5

CAGE reproducibility statistics. (PDF 220 kb)

Supplementary Table 6

Overrepresentation index of TFBS in macrophage promoters. (PDF 31 kb)

Supplementary Table 7

Overrepresentation and underrepresentation index of TFBS in macrophage promoters, detailed view. (PDF 135 kb)

Supplementary Note (PDF 184 kb)

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Carninci, P., Sandelin, A., Lenhard, B. et al. Genome-wide analysis of mammalian promoter architecture and evolution. Nat Genet 38, 626–635 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1789

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