Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are essential effector molecules of the innate immune system. Here we describe the structure, function and diversity of cryptdin-related sequence (CRS) peptides, a large family of antimicrobial molecules. We identified the peptides as covalent dimers in mouse intestinal tissue in amounts comparable to those of Paneth cell–derived enteric α-defensins. CRS peptides caused rapid and potent killing of commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The CRS peptides formed homo- and heterodimers in vivo, thereby expanding the repertoire of antimicrobial peptides and increasing the peptide diversity of Paneth cell secretions. CRS peptides might therefore be important in the maintenance of the microbial homeostasis within the intestinal tract.
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Acknowledgements
We thank H.G. Boman, S. Normark, C.L. Bevins and A.J. Ouellette for discussions; E. Cederlund for the Edman degradations; and R.A. Harris for linguistic advice. Supported by the Karolinska Institutet (5472/2000FFU to M.W.H.), German Research Foundation (HO 2236/5-1 to M.W.H.), Swedish Research Council (K2003-31P-14792 to M.W.H., K2002-06X-12634 to M.A. and K2003-06XD-14653 to K.P.), Cancerfonden (M.W.H.), AFAs hälsofond (K.P.), Swedish Society for Medical Research (K.P.), The King Oscar II Jubilee Foundation (M.A.) and The Magnus Bergwall Foundation (M.A.).
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Fig. 1
Absent cytotoxicity of the oxidized and reduced form of the CRS peptides in eukaryotic cells. (PDF 80 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 2
CRS binds LPS and diminishes the immunostimulatory activity. (PDF 54 kb)
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Hornef, M., Pütsep, K., Karlsson, J. et al. Increased diversity of intestinal antimicrobial peptides by covalent dimer formation. Nat Immunol 5, 836–843 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1094
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1094
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