Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells recognize glycosphingolipids presented by CD1d molecules and have been linked to defense against microbial infections. Previously defined foreign glycosphingolipids recognized by NKT cells are uniquely found in nonpathogenic sphingomonas bacteria. Here we show that mouse and human NKT cells also recognized glycolipids, specifically a diacylglycerol, from Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease. The B. burgdorferi–derived, glycolipid-induced NKT cell proliferation and cytokine production and the antigenic potency of this glycolipid was dependent on acyl chain length and saturation. These data indicate that NKT cells recognize categories of glycolipids beyond those in sphingomonas and suggest that NKT cell responses driven by T cell receptor–mediated glycolipid recognition may provide protection against diverse pathogens.
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Acknowledgements
We thank M.J. Caimano (University of Connecticut Health Science Center, Farmington, Connecticut) for B. burgdorferi–infected ticks; E. Janssen and S. McBride (La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California) for TrifLps2/Lps2 mice; V. Kumar (Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California) for the sulfatide-reactive T cell hybridoma; N. Nagarajan, R. Severins, Y.W. Zhu (La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California) and P. Rogers (Gemini Science, San Diego, California) for technical assistance; and G. Kim (La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California) and M.A. Poles (New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York) for suggestions. Supported by the National Institutes of Health (AI45053 and AI71922 to M.K.; GM62116 to M.K. and I.A.W.; GM44154 to C.-H.W.; AI054546 to T.J.S.; CA58896 to I.A.W.; and AI062842 to M.T.), the Arthritis Foundation (T.J.S.) and the Cancer Research Institute (Y.K.).
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Y.K. and E.T. designed and did most of the experiments and prepared the manuscript; D.W., M.F. and C.-H.W. synthesized the BbGL-II compounds and helped with the manuscript; R.G.-N. and M.T. did the human NKT cell experiments; M.R.B., T.J.S. and E.T. did the experiments with live bacteria; D.M.Z. and I.A.W. did the molecular modeling of the binding of BbGL-IIc in the CD1d structure and helped with the manuscript; G.B.-M. provided purified BbGL-I and BbGL-II; G.D.A. and G.F.P. provided the PIM4 compounds; A.K. prepared CD1d proteins; K.H. and B.B. generated the TrifLps2/Lps2 mice; S.M.B. generated the hybridoma 24.9E; and M.K. provided overall supervision, helped design all the experiments and prepared the manuscript.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Fig. 1
Additional Vα14i NKT cell hybridomas respond to B. burgdorferi glycolipids. (PDF 21 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 2
CD1d reactive T cell hybridomas that do not express Vα14i are not BbGl-2 reactive. (PDF 14 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 3
PIM4 does not stimulate Vα14i NKT cells in vivo. (PDF 29 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 4
BbGL compounds do not cause inflammatory cytokine production by DC. (PDF 45 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 5
TRIF-independent activation of Vα14i NKT cells by B. burgdorferi antigen. (PDF 20 kb)
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Kinjo, Y., Tupin, E., Wu, D. et al. Natural killer T cells recognize diacylglycerol antigens from pathogenic bacteria. Nat Immunol 7, 978–986 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1380
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1380
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