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Engineering of nanostructured carbon materials with electron or ion beams

Nature Materials volume 6, pages 723–733 (2007)Cite this article

Abstract

Irradiating solids with energetic particles is usually thought to introduce disorder, normally an undesirable phenomenon. But recent experiments on electron or ion irradiation of various nanostructures demonstrate that it can have beneficial effects and that electron or ion beams may be used to tailor the structure and properties of nanosystems with high precision. Moreover, in many cases irradiation can lead to self-organization or self-assembly in nanostructures. In this review we survey recent advances in the rapidly evolving area of irradiation effects in nanostructured materials, with particular emphasis on carbon systems because of their technological importance and the unique ability of graphitic networks to reconstruct under irradiation. We dwell not only on the physics behind irradiation of nanostructures but also on the technical applicability of irradiation for nanoengineering of carbon and other systems.

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Figure 1: Molecular models of carbon nanotubes with typical point defects.

© 2002 ElSEVIER

Figure 2: Reconstructions of the atomic network of a carbon nanotube near point defects as predicted by atomistic computer simulations43,50.
Figure 3: Electron-beam engineering of carbon nanostructures: effects of electron irradiation on carbon nanotubes.

© 2005 WILEY-VCH

Figure 4: Using ion irradiation for making nanotube-based electronic devices.

© 2007 AIP

Figure 5: Ion-beam-assisted engineering of carbon nanotubes.

© 2006 WILEY-VCH

Figure 6: Welding of carbon nanostructures by electron and ion beams.

© 2004 AIP

Figure 7: Pressure build-up inside nanotubes and onions.

© 2002 AAAS

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Acknowledgements

We thank K. Nordlund, R. M. Nieminen, J. Keinonen, A. S. Foster, J. Kotakoski, M. Sammalkorpi, J. X. Li, L. Sun, J. A. Rodríguez-Manzo, M. Terrones, P. M. Ajayan and other co-workers for many years of collaboration. The preparation of this review was supported by the Academy of Finland through the Centre of Excellence program. Support from the DAAD and ETC (D05/51651) is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. F. Banhart

    Present address: Present address: Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourh, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue de loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France,

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  1. Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

    A. V. Krasheninnikov

  2. Laboratory of Physics, P.O. Box 1100, FI-02015 Helsinki University of Technology, Finland

    A. V. Krasheninnikov

  3. Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Mainz, Mainz, D-55099, Germany

    F. Banhart

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Krasheninnikov, A., Banhart, F. Engineering of nanostructured carbon materials with electron or ion beams. Nature Mater 6, 723–733 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1996

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