Abstract
Neural progenitor proliferation, differentiation and migration are continually active in the rostral migratory stream of the adult brain. Here, we show that the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4 is expressed prominently by the neuroblasts present in the subventricular zone and the rostral migratory stream. The neuregulins (NRG1–NRG3), which have been identified as ErbB4 ligands, are detected either in the stream or in adjacent regions. Mice deficient in ErbB4 expressed under the control of either the nestin or the hGFAP promoter have altered neuroblast chain organization and migration and deficits in the placement and differentiation of olfactory interneurons. These findings suggest that ErbB4 activation helps to regulate the organization of neural chains that form the rostral migratory stream and influences the differentiation of olfactory interneuronal precursors.
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Acknowledgements
We thank H.G. Kuhn for his insight and encouragement, A- S. Lamantia, L. Pevny, F. Polleux, G. Haskell, N. Sestan and R. Schmid for comments and O. Marin for communicating his unpublished observations prior to publication. This work was supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health to C.L. and E.A. (NS39411) and by the March of Dimes foundation to E.A. Core 5 of an NINDS-funded Center grant (P30NS045892) was used to generate some of the images.
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Supplementary Fig. 1
In situ localization of ErbB receptors and their ligands in the adult rat brain. Darkfield photomicrographs of 30 m sagittal sections of the forebrain region, which includes the rostral migratory stream (RMS) and subventricular zone (SVZ) are shown. All probes were amplified from rat brain cDNA. Emulsion dipped slides were developed 2-5 weeks post-dipping. (A) ErbB4, (B) ErbB3, (C) ErbB2, (D) Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), (E) Nissl stained section, (F) Neuregulin-1, SMDF/type III isoform, (G) Neuregulin-1, Ig-specific probe (types I/II), (H) Neuregulin-2, (I) Neuregulin-3, (J) immunocytochemical staining using an affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal anti-ErbB4 serum (#0616; arrows indicate the RMS), (K) Epidermal growth factor (EGF) (L), Epiregulin, (M) Betacellulin (BTC), (N) Transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), (O) Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF). In Nissl stained section (E), the numbers indicate the following structures: 1- anterior olfactory nucleus; dorsal, 2-anterior olfactory nucleus; ventral, 3-rostral migratory stream; 4-corpus callosum; 5-subventricular zone; 6-lateral ventricle; 7-striatum. Sections were prepared from between 2-5 rats per probe. (JPG 59 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 2
Lack of ErbB4 expression in nestin-cre; F/- and hGFAP-cre; F/- mutants. Nestin-cre or hGFAP-cre mediated recombination was used to inactivate ErbB4 expression in the RMS. (A) Immunohistochemical localization of ErbB4 in the RMS of control mice (cre -; F/F). ErbB4 was readily detected throughout the RMS, but was not detectable in the RMS following hGFAP-cre (B) or nestin-cre (C) mediated recombination of ErbB4 floxed alleles. ∆ denotes ventral boundaries of the RMS. Sections were prepared from between 3-5 adult mice per group. Scale bar: 400µm. (JPG 24 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 3
Deficits in chain migration in nestin-cre; F/- and hGFAP-cre; F/- mutants in vitro. (A) The observed cell migration from SVZ explants could be divided into 3 categories: explants that gave rise to compact chains of migrating neuroblasts, explants that exhibited mixed cell outgrowth [i.e., both individual cells migrating and cells migrating in chains], and explants that only exhibited individual cell migration. Quantification of types of migration observed in explant cultures prepared from the SVZ of control (hGFAP-cre; F/+ [n=4 mice] , nestin-cre; F/+[n=4 mice]), or conditional knockout (nestin-cre; F/- [n=4 mice], hGFAP-cre; F/-[n=3 mice]) mice indicates that chain migration in vitro from SVZ explants is impaired in the ErbB4 deficient SVZ. (B-E) hGFAP-cre; F/- (D) or nestin-cre; F/- (E) explant outgrowth is scattered, with occasional chain formation, when compared to controls, hGFAP-cre; F/+ (B), nestin-cre; F/+ (C). * (C), ^ (D), ↑(E) indicate compact chains of migrating neuroblasts, mixed cell outgrowth [i.e., both individual cells and cells in chains], and scattered cell migration, respectively. Data shown are mean ±SEM; asterisk, significant when compared with controls at p⩽0.05 (Student’s t test). Scale bar: 60µm. (JPG 74 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 4
Lack of accumulation of BrdU positive cells in the ventricular zone region adjacent to the anterior ventricle of hGFAP-cre; F/- mice after one month. (A, B) In both control and ErbB4 mutant mice, immunohistochemical localization of BrdU positive cells indicates no accumulation of BrdU labeled cells in the anterior ventricular zone, where the cells began their migration, after one month of BrdU pulsing. Sections were prepared from 5 adult mice per group. Asterisk denotes ventricles. Scale bar: 35µm. (JPG 22 kb)
Supplementary Video 1
CMTMR labeled neuroblasts in the RMS were repeatedly imaged at 5-10 minute intervals using a Zeiss inverted microscope (attached to a PASCAL confocal laser scanning system and a live cell incubation chamber) for 132 (control) or 150 (ErbB4 mutant) minutes. These images were compiled as AVI movie files to illustrate the differences in migration between control and ErbB4 deficient neuroblasts. In the case of control RMS shown, lower right corner is towards the SVZ, upper left corner is towards the olfactory bulb. For ErbB4 mutant RMS, right side is towards the SVZ, left side is towards the olfactory bulb. (AVI 1949 kb)
Supplementary Video 2
CMTMR labeled neuroblasts in the RMS were repeatedly imaged at 5-10 minute intervals using a Zeiss inverted microscope (attached to a PASCAL confocal laser scanning system and a live cell incubation chamber) for 132 (control) or 150 (ErbB4 mutant) minutes. These images were compiled as AVI movie files to illustrate the differences in migration between control and ErbB4 deficient neuroblasts. In the case of control RMS shown, lower right corner is towards the SVZ, upper left corner is towards the olfactory bulb. For ErbB4 mutant RMS, right side is towards the SVZ, left side is towards the olfactory bulb. (AVI 7430 kb)
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Anton, E., Ghashghaei, H., Weber, J. et al. Receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4 modulates neuroblast migration and placement in the adult forebrain. Nat Neurosci 7, 1319–1328 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1345
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1345
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